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Question:

I was intending to go for Hajj but could not book it as the quota is already full. Am I sinful? [Question Published as Received]

The Fatwa

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

The Answer

If an individual is unable to undertake the Hajj pilgrimage after it has become a religious duty (Farẓ) due to the quota being filled, the obligation of Hajj does not cease but continues to remain. If circumstances persist such that one is unable to perform the Hajj in their lifetime, it becomes incumbent upon them to make provisions for a proxy to perform Hajj on their behalf in case of passing away. In this manner, we have full hope in Allah Ta’ala that no sin has incurred and one is absolved, as the circumstances preventing them from fulfilling the Hajj were beyond their control.

The Fiqh of the Answer

If the allocation for Hajj pilgrimage has reached its maximum capacity, and an individual is unable to obtain a place, then from a Fiqh perspective, a person did not have Sabil (safe path) to Makkah.

The issue of whether the absence of safe passage serves as a condition of obligation (Sharṭ al-Wujūb) or a condition of performance (Sharṭ al-Adāʾ) has been extensively debated by jurists. This difference of opinion arises when considering a scenario where an individual possesses the necessary means to perform Hajj but is prevented by the authorities due to reasons such as a fully allocated quota or rejection of entry. The crucial question is whether the obligation to perform Hajj persists despite the hindrance or if the conditions must be fulfilled again in the subsequent year or later.

In this context, the disagreement among jurists revolves around the interpretation of the legal requirements for Hajj. Those who consider safe passage a condition of performance (Sharṭ al-Adā’) hold the view that once the obligation of Hajj has been established for an individual, it remains binding upon them until execution. This is the opinion of an overwhelming number of jurists, including Isbījābī (d.535 AH), `Ala’ al-Din al-Samarqandi (d.539 AH), Ibnul Humām (d.790 AH), and others, based upon the riwayāt of the Imām Abu Hanīfah’s (d.150 AH) celebrated disciples, Imām Abu Yūsuf (d.182 AH) and Imam Muhammad (d.189 AH).

Consequently, if they are unable to embark on the pilgrimage due to external factors such as a filled quota or denial of entry, the obligation persists, and they are still accountable for fulfilling it. In such cases, it is necessary for them to make arrangements to perform Hajj in the future or when the obstacles preventing their safe passage have been resolved.

On the other hand, proponents of the view that the absence of safe passage is a condition of obligation (Sharṭ al-Wujūb), such as ‘Allāmah Kāsānī (d.587 AH), and others attributing this opinion to Imām Abu Hanīfah (d.150 AH) through a recorded narration of Muhammad ibn al-Shujā’ (d.266 AH), argue that the obligation of Hajj is contingent upon the ability to undertake the journey without hindrance. According to this perspective, if an individual is prevented from performing Hajj due to factors beyond their control, such as a filled quota or rejection of entry, the obligation is temporarily lifted. In such cases, the conditions for the obligation of Hajj would need to be met once again in the following year or whenever circumstances allow for the safe completion of the pilgrimage.

The prevailing understanding among jurists, as outlined above, is that safe passage is considered a condition of performance rather than obligation based upon the view of Imām Abu Yūsuf (d.182 AH) and Muhammad (d.189 AH). Jurists such as Allāmah Isbījābī (d.535 AH), Qādhī Khan (d.592 AH), Raḥmatullāh Sindhī (d.993 AH), Mullā ‘Alī Qārī (d.1014 AH), and Shurunbulālī (d.1069 AH), in addition to those previously mentioned, are among the many jurists who have expressed preference (Tarjīh) of this viewpoint.

And Almighty Allah Alone Knows Best

Maulana Ammar Y Badat
Trainee Mufti

Reviewed and approved by
Mufti Faraz Adam
Darul Iftaa Muadh ibn Jabal
www.darulfiqh.com 

DISCLAIMER:

The views and opinions expressed in this answer belong only to the author and do not in any way represent or reflect the views of any institutions to which he may be affiliated.

Arguments and ideas propounded in this answer are based on the juristic interpretations and reasoning of the author. Given that contemporary issues and interpretations of contemporary issues are subjective in nature, another Mufti may reach different conclusions to the one expressed by the author. Whilst every effort has been taken to ensure total accuracy and soundness from a Shari’ah perspective, the author is open to any correction or juristic guidance. On the event of any juristic shortcomings, the author will retract any or all of the conclusions expressed within this answer.

The Shari’ah ruling given herein is based specifically on the scenario in question.  The author bears no responsibility towards any party that acts or does not act on this answer and is exempted from any and all forms of loss or damage.  This answer may not be used as evidence in any court of law without prior written consent from the author.  Consideration is only given and is restricted to the specific links provided, the author does not endorse nor approve of any other content the website may contain.

 

وَظَاهِرُ الرِّوَايَةِ عَنْهُمَا أَنَّهُ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِمْ الْإِحْجَاجُ فَإِنْ أَحَجُّوا أَجْزَأَهُمْ مَا دَامَ الْعَجْزُ مُسْتَمِرًّا بِهِمْ فَإِنْ زَالَ فَعَلَيْهِمْ الْإِعَادَةُ بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ وَظَاهِرُ مَا فِي التُّحْفَةِ اخْتِيَارُهُ فَإِنَّهُ اقْتَصَرَ عَلَيْهِ وَكَذَا الْإِسْبِيجَابِيُّ وَقَوَّاهُ الْمُحَقِّقُ فِي فَتْحِ الْقَدِيرِ وَمَشَى عَلَى أَنَّ الصِّحَّةَ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ وُجُوبِ الْأَدَاءِ فَالْحَاصِلُ أَنَّهَا مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ عِنْدَهُ وَمِنْ شَرَائِطِ وُجُوبِ الْأَدَاءِ عِنْدَهُمَا وَفَائِدَةُ الْخِلَافِ تَظْهَرُ فِي وُجُوبِ الْإِحْجَاجِ كَمَا ذَكَرْنَا فِي وُجُوبِ الْإِيصَاءِ وَمَحَلُّ الْخِلَافِ فِيمَا إذَا لَمْ يَقْدِرْ عَلَى الْحَجِّ وَهُوَ صَحِيحٌ أَمَّا إنْ قَدَرَ عَلَيْهِ وَهُوَ صَحِيحٌ ثُمَّ زَالَتْ الصِّحَّةُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْرُجَ إلَى الْحَجِّ فَإِنَّهُ يَتَقَرَّرُ دَيْنًا فِي ذِمَّتِهِ فَيَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ الْإِحْجَاجُ اتِّفَاقًا أَمَّا إنْ خَرَجَ فَمَاتَ فِي الطَّرِيقِ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ الْإِيصَاءُ بِالْحَجِّ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يُؤَخِّرْ بَعْدَ الْإِيجَابِ كَذَا فِي التَّجْنِيسِ وَلَا فَرْقَ فِي الْأَعْمَى بَيْنَ أَنْ يَجِدَ قَائِدًا، أَوْ لَا وَهُوَ الْمَشْهُورُ عَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ؛ لِأَنَّ الْقَادِرَ بِقُدْرَةِ غَيْرِهِ لَيْسَ بِقَادِرٍ وَلَوْ تَكَلَّفَ هَؤُلَاءِ الْحَجَّ بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ سَقَطَ عَنْهُمْ حَتَّى لَوْ صَحُّوا بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ لَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِمْ الْأَدَاءُ؛ لِأَنَّ سُقُوطَ الْوُجُوبِ عَنْهُمْ لِدَفْعِ الْحَرَجِ فَإِذَا تَحَمَّلُوهُ وَقَعَ عَنْ حِجَّةِ الْإِسْلَامِ كَالْفَقِيرِ إذَا حَجَّ. (البحر الرائق)

فإن كان بينه وبين مكة بحر، فهو عذر بمنزلة فوت الطريق، والفرات (١) والدجلة (٢) والجيحون (٣) أنهار وليست بحاراً، فلا تمنع الاستطاعة، ثُمَّ تكلموا أن أمن الطريق وسلامة البدن على قول أبي حنيفة -رحمه الله-، ووجود المَحرَم (٤) [للمرأة] (٥) شرط؛ لوجوب الحجّ أو (١) لأدائه، بعضهم جعلها شرطًا للوجوب، وبعضهم شرطًا للأداء وهو الصحيح (٢)، وثُمَّرة الاختلاف فيما إذا مات قبل الحجّ، فعلى قول الأولين لا يلزمه الوصية، وعلى قول الآخرين يلزمه، وكذا في «الجامع الصغير» (٣) لقاضي خان، وفرق في «الإيضاح» (٤) على قول البعض بين الزاد والراحلة وبين أمن الطريق من حيث إن الزاد والراحلة شرط الوجوب إجماعًا بخلاف أمن الطريق، فإنه شرط الأداء دون الوجوب على قول ذلك البعض فقال هو أن التمكن بالزاد والراحلة/ يتحقق [بها الاستطاعة] (٥)، فإذا عدما (٦) لم تثبت الاستطاعة، فأما خوف الطريق يعجزه عن الأداء بمعارض ومانع، فلا ينعدم به الاستطاعة اُعتبر هذا بالمحسوسات، فإن القيد الممنوع عن الشيء لا يكون نظير المريض الذي لا يقدر. (النهاية للسغتاقي) 

(وَمِنْهَا) أَمْنُ الطَّرِيقِ، وَإِنَّهُ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ عِنْدَ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِنَا بِمَنْزِلَةِ الزَّادِ، وَالرَّاحِلَةِ، وَهَكَذَا رَوَى ابْنُ شُجَاعٍ عَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: إنَّهُ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْأَدَاءِ لَا مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ، وَفَائِدَةُ هَذَا الِاخْتِلَافِ تَظْهَرُ فِي وُجُوبِ الْوَصِيَّةِ إذَا خَافَ الْفَوْتَ فَمَنْ قَالَ إنَّهُ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْأَدَاءِ يَقُولُ إنَّهُ تَجِبُ الْوَصِيَّةُ إذَا خَافَ الْفَوْتَ، وَمَنْ قَالَ إنَّهُ شَرْطُ الْوُجُوبِ يَقُولُ: لَا تَجِبُ الْوَصِيَّةُ؛ لِأَنَّ الْحَجَّ لَمْ يَجِبْ عَلَيْهِ، وَلَمْ يَصِرْ دَيْنًا فِي ذِمَّتِهِ فَلَا تَلْزَمُهُ الْوَصِيَّةُ، وَجْهُ قَوْلِ مَنْ قَالَ: إنَّهُ شَرْطُ الْأَدَاءِ لَا شَرْطُ الْوُجُوبِ مَا رَوَيْنَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – فَسَّرَ الِاسْتِطَاعَةَ بِالزَّادِ، وَالرَّاحِلَةِ، وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ أَمْنَ الطَّرِيقِ، وَجْهُ قَوْلِ مَنْ قَالَ إنَّهُ شَرْطُ الْوُجُوبِ، وَهُوَ الصَّحِيحُ: أَنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى شَرَطَ الِاسْتِطَاعَةَ، وَلَا اسْتِطَاعَةَ بِدُونِ أَمْنِ الطَّرِيقِ كَمَا لَا اسْتِطَاعَةَ بِدُونِ الزَّادِ، وَالرَّاحِلَةِ إلَّا أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – بَيَّنَ الِاسْتِطَاعَةَ بِالزَّادِ، وَالرَّاحِلَةِ بَيَانَ كِفَايَةٍ لِيُسْتَدَلَّ بِالْمَنْصُوصِ عَلَيْهِ عَلَى غَيْرِهِ لِاسْتِوَائِهِمَا فِي الْمَعْنَى، وَهُوَ إمْكَانُ الْوُصُولِ إلَى الْبَيْتِ. (بدائع الصنائع)

(قَوْلُهُ مَعَ أَمْنِ الطَّرِيقِ) أَيْ وَقْتِ خُرُوجِ أَهْلِ بَلَدِهِ وَإِنْ كَانَ مُخِيفًا فِي غَيْرِهِ بَحْرٌ وَقَدَّمْنَا عَنْ اللُّبَابِ أَنَّهُ مِنْ شُرُوطِ وُجُوبِ الْأَدَاءِ وَفِي شَرْحِهِ أَنَّهُ الْأَصَحُّ وَرَجَّحَهُ فِي الْفَتْحِ، وَرُوِيَ عَنْ الْإِمَامِ أَنَّهُ شَرْطُ وُجُوبٍ فَعَلَى الْأَوَّلِ تَجِبُ الْوَصِيَّةُ بِهِ إذَا مَاتَ قَبْلَ أَمْنِ الطَّرِيقِ أَمَّا بَعْدَهُ فَتَجِبُ اتِّفَاقًا بَحْرٌ (قَوْلُهُ بِغَلَبَةِ السَّلَامَةِ) كَذَا اخْتَارَهُ الْفَقِيهُ أَبُو اللَّيْثِ وَعَلَيْهِ الِاعْتِمَادُ.

وَظَاهِرُ التُّحْفَةِ اخْتِيَارُ قَوْلِهِمَا وَكَذَا الْإِسْبِيجَابِيُّ وَقَوَّاهُ فِي الْفَتْحِ وَمَشَى عَلَى أَنَّ الصِّحَّةَ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ وُجُوبِ الْأَدَاءِ اهـ مِنْ الْبَحْرِ وَالنَّهْرِ، وَحَكَى فِي اللُّبَابِ اخْتِلَافَ التَّصْحِيحِ وَفِي شَرْحِهِ أَنَّهُ مَشَى عَلَى الْأَوَّلِ فِي النِّهَايَةِ وَقَالَ فِي الْبَحْرِ الْعَمِيقِ إنَّهُ الْمَذْهَبُ الصَّحِيحُ وَأَنَّ الثَّانِيَ صَحَّحَهُ قَاضِي خَانْ فِي شَرْحِ الْجَامِعِ وَاخْتَارَهُ كَثِيرٌ مِنْ الْمَشَايِخِ وَمِنْهُمْ ابْنُ الْهُمَامِ.  (حاشية ابن عابدين)

قَالَ فِي شَرْحِ اللُّبَابِ ثُمَّ اخْتَلَفُوا فِي أَنَّ الْمَحْرَمَ أَوْ الزَّوْجَ شَرْطُ الْوُجُوبِ أَوْ الْأَدَاءِ كَمَا اخْتَلَفُوا فِي أَمْنِ الطَّرِيقِ فَصَحَّحَ قَاضِي خَانْ وَغَيْرُهُ أَنَّهُ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْأَدَاءِ وَصَحَّحَ صَاحِبُ الْبَدَائِعِ وَالسَّرُوجِيُّ أَنَّهُ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ وَصَنِيعُ الْمُصَنِّفِ أَيْ صَاحِبِ اللُّبَابِ يُشْعِرُ بِأَنَّهُ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْأَدَاءِ عَلَى الْأَرْجَحِ (منحة الخالق)

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