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Question: Can Riba money be used to fund organisations that are working as Islamic charities, or to spread awareness about Islam?

The Fatwa

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

The Answer

There are two opinions amongst contemporary scholars in regard to disposing Ribā earnings:

1. Ribā can be used for Maṣāliḥ al-Muslimīn. This has been cited by Mufti Taqi Uthmani Ḥafiḍahullah, Mufti Rafi Uthmani Raḥimahullah (d.1444 AH), Ḥakīm ul-Ummah Ashraf Ali Thanawi (d.1362 AH), Mufti Abdur Rahim Lajpuri (d.1418 AH) and Mufti Khalid Ṣayfullah Rahmānī Ḥafiḍahullah.

2. Ribā must be purified by giving it to the poor and needy. This has been cited by Mufti Muhammed Shafi Raḥimahullah (d.1396 AH).

We are of the view that if Ribā is disposed directly by transferring it to others, it must be given to the poor (Fuqarā’). If Ribā were to be disposed of by giving it to al-Bayt al-Māl or anything in the ruling of al-Bayt al-Māl, then only in that instance can Ribā be used for Maṣāliḥ al-Muslimīn.

Irrespective of the above, if contemporary charities have an agreement of Wakālah with the Fuqarā’, where the charity takes possession (Qabḍ) on behalf of the Fuqarā’ with the prior permission and authorisation of the Fuqarā’, then a charity can use the Ribā funds as per the agreement and authorisation. 

The Fiqh of the Answer

At the outset, Ribā that has been paid should be returned to the payer. In our context, whether the payer is a Muslim or non-Muslim, the wealth has ʿIṣmah (sanctity). It cannot be taken except through a lawful and Sharīʿah compliant contract that makes wealth lawful and allows the transfer of ownership. The wealth of non-Muslims in our context also has ʿIṣmah as Muslims have a contract of Isti’mān (permit to reside with rights). Muslims can enter into contracts of Isti’mān when in non-Muslim majority countries, as alluded to by Imam al-Zaylaʿī (d.743 AH). Imam al-Shilbī (d.1021 AH) states that Itizām of Aḥkām (being bound to laws) and the sanctity of wealth is formed by either ʿAhd (covenant) or ʿAqd (contract). In our context, Muslims have both ʿAhd and ʿAqd with their counterparts.  Imām al-Marghīnānī (d.593 AH) also references the concept of Iltizām, emphasising that individuals who reside in a particular area for an extended duration assume the obligation of honouring the wealth of those around them. Considering this, the Ribā that is gained does not fall under wealth that is Mubāḥ, and that has no ʿIṣmah.

Considering that contracts are sanctified and that the wealth of Ribā payers has ʿIṣmah, Ribā contracts are actually a form of al-Bayʿ al-Fāsid, as affirmed by Imam al-Kāsānī (d.587 AH) and other jurists. Therefore, the rules governing Fāsid (voidable) contracts come into play. The gain from such contracts is classed as al-Kasb al-Khabīth (impure gain). In Sharīʿah, there are multiple ways of earning al-Kasb al-Khabīth, such as Fāsid contracts and Gaṣb (usurpation).

The ruling of all types of al-Kasb al-Khabith is that one must return the earnings if possible. If not, then this wealth is Wājib al-Taṣadduq. In the case of an irregular and voidable (Fāsid) transaction, it must be annulled and the wealth of each counterparty must be returned to them. If it cannot be returned to the original counterparty in the al-Bayʿ al-Fāsid, then such money must be disposed without any intention of personal gain or reward. Imam Ibn Nujaym (d.970 AH) mentions that the individual cannot personally benefit from al-Kasb al-Khabīth but must instead do Taṣadduq if returning it to the original owner is not feasible. Hence, in Ribā earnings, the must be returned to the owner. However, when dealing with financial institutions and others, practicality often makes this challenging or unfeasible. Hence, individuals must dispose of it elsewhere, and this Ribā gain then falls under the concept of al-Māl al-Ḍā’iʿ, that is addressed in the chapter of Luqaṭah. Imam Ibn ʿĀbidīn (d.1252 AH) states that the principles of Luqaṭah also covers the disposition of wealth when the  owner is known, as well as the scenarios where Taʿrīf is not required.

Imam al-Sarakhsī (d.483 AH), Imam Ibn Māzah al-Bukhārī (d.616 AH), Imam Zaylaʿī (d.743 AH), Imam al-Atqānī (d.758 AH), Imam Ibn Nujaym (d.970 AH), and Imam Ibn ʿĀbidīn (d.1252 AH), along with other jurists, clearly state that unlawful earnings acquired through illegitimate sources is subject to the ruling of being given to the poor.

Furthermore, Imām Ibn Māzah al-Bukhārī (d.616 AH) clearly states that the concept of Taṣadduq entails the transfer of ownership to the poor. He also states that the Masjid and Ribāṭ do not have the capacity of Tamalluk (taking ownership). Secondly, all the Fuqahā’ state that the Taṣadduq of Luqaṭah, and in our discussion al-Māl al-Ḍā’iʿ, cannot be given to a wealthy person.

What we understand from reading the books of Fiqh is that the Aṣl is that all forms of Taṣadduq must go to the Fuqarā’as clearly stated by the above Fuqahā’. The chapter of Luqaṭah addresses the scenario when an individual disposes al-Māl al-Ḍā’iʿ directly without giving it to the al-Bayt al-Māl. The individual is then required to do Tamlīk to ensure he has disposed of these earnings properly, and not to give it to a wealthy person.

Some scholars quote the different funds that consist of al-Bayt al-Māl, one consisting of Luqaṭah and al-Māl al-Ḍā’iʿ,where Ibn ʿĀbidīn (d.1252 AH) and others state that such a fund can be used to cover the expenses of the sick (Marḍā), terminally ill (Zamnā), the lost (al-Laqīṭ), building bridges (Imārat al-Qanāṭir), frontiers and outposts (Ribāṭāṭ), harbours and fortified borderline cities (al-Thughūr), Masājid and the like. We are of the view that this specific use only applies after the funds have been disposed of by giving it to al-Bayt al-Māl and the public treasury. It does not apply to the scenario where a person disposes the unlawful earnings directly by doing Taṣadduq himself. We have this understanding based on:

  1. The chapter of Luqaṭah itself does not discuss or mention the use of al-Māl al-Ḍā’iʿ for these communal spends, rather it focuses on how the individual should dispose such property. Hence, the chapter addresses scenarios and context of direct disposal, which is peer-to-peer.
  2. These alternative avenues of spend are discussed in other chapters, typically where the concept of al-Bayt al-Māl and collective funds are addressed. Ibn ʿĀbidīn discusses these avenues in the chapter of Zakāt and ʿUshr, when commentating on a poem cited by Imam al-Haṣkafī (d.1088 AH) of the different use cases of the funds in al-Bayt al-Māl.
  3. Tamlīk must always take place to ensure that the wealth has been disposed. In al-Bayʿ al-Fāsid, the recipient of the unlawful gain and Ribā becomes the owner of it by Qabḍ. To free himself of this Ribā, he must transfer this wealth elsewhere to an entity that has the capacity of Tamalluk. The classical Fuqahā’ did not conceive of such avenues mentioned by Ibn ʿĀbidīn to have the legal capacity do to Tamalluk, as expressly mentioned by Imam Ibn Māzah al-Bukhārī (d.616 AH). Hence, when these avenues cannot do Tamalluk and assume ownership, how could one ever free themselves from the impure ownership of such earnings?
  4. The idea of Tamlīk and Tamalluk is manifested when giving to al-Bayt al-Māl. When giving to al-Bayt al-Māl, Tamlīk is done to the Fuqarā’ through the Sulṭān, as the Sulṭān has al-Wilāyah al-ʿĀmmah and represents the Fuqarā’ as has been stated by ‘Alā ud-Dīn al-Samarq̣andī (d.539 AH), Imam Ibn Nujaym (d.970 AH), and ‘Alī Ḥaydar (d. 1353 AH) . It is for this reason that the ʿĀmilīn can receive Zakāt directly, as Qabḍ on behalf of the Fuqarā’ is realised; the Sulṭān represents the Fuqarā’, and the ʿĀmilīn represent the Sulṭān. Thus, when a person gives al-Māl al-Ḍā’iʿ to al-Bayt al-Māl, it is still given to the Fuqarā’ by this proxy and Wilāyah of the Sulṭān. Thereafter, the Sulṭān has the Wilāyah and ability to use the funds in the interests of the people in general, in which the Fuqarā’ will also benefit.
  5. The Maṣraf of Luqaṭah and al-Māl al-Ḍā’iʿ cannot be a wealthy person, as stated by the Fuqahā’. How can that be reconciled with the view of those who permit giving such funds to the general welfare projects and Maṣāliḥ al-Muslimīn? How do you measure wealthy and poor when giving to general welfare projects? This principle only makes sense if one states that the Fuqarā’ are the Maṣraf, and Luqaṭah and al-Māl al-Ḍā’iʿ can only be used in Maṣāliḥ al-Muslimīn when it goes through the vehicle of al-Bayt al-Māl, which represents the Fuqarā’ by proxy of the Sulṭān.

The Fuqarā’ have been divinely selected as the Maṣraf and means to purify wealth, as is understood through Zakat. This can only be divinely designated, as the notion of purification is Taʿabbud. We cannot determine and decide what purifies wealth, and which avenue of spend is a purifier of wealth. This is a Taʿabbudī matter. Further, if the payment of Zakat to the Fuqarā’ purifies wealth spiritually, then the payment of unlawful earnings to the Fuqarā’ purifies wealth Haqīqatan. It makes complete sense for the Fuqarā’ to be the Maṣraf, as they are the most in need from all people. Assisting them is always a pressing need.

Nevertheless, some contemporary scholars permit giving Ribā directly to the Maṣāliḥ al-Muslimīn and general welfare projects, based on:

  1. The texts of the Fuqahā’ which state the avenues of spending for al-Bayt al-Māl.
  2. These scholars also argue that the usage of the term Ṣadaq̣ah does not inherently mandate the strict adherence to the rules governing Zakat of only payment to the Fuqarā’. This is due to the fact that the term Ṣadaq̣ah has been employed in various contexts to denote acts of charity where the transfer of ownership is not obligatory. Instead, contributing funds for the betterment of the public is often deemed sufficient.
  3. There are also many distinctions between Zakat and the disposal of impure earnings. The majority of Ḥ‍‍anafī Fuqahā’ concur that individuals can dispose of impure earnings by giving it to their own family members who are poor. This has been mentioned by Imām al-Hamawī (d.1098 AH) and Imām al-Ḥaṣkafī (d.1088 AH).
  4. Additionally, these scholars state that there’s a misunderstanding regarding the application of all Zakat rules to the Maṣraf of wealth that is Wājib at-Taṣadduq. Even if the recipients were limited to the poor, this doesn’t mandate the transfer of ownership. They cite the case of burial expenditures for a deceased poor person, which can be paid from al-Bayt al-Māl of Luq̣aṭah funds, as mentioned by Imām Ibn ʿĀbidīn (d.1252 AH).

As stated previously, in our opinion, the above points do not capture the reality. The texts of the Fuqahā’ of al–Bayt al–Māldo not address individual spend. The discussion on Zakat and Ṣadaqah is irrelevant to the discussion, as the idea of Taṣadduq to the Fuqarā’ is clearly stated by the Fuqahā’. The rulings in the chapter of Luqaṭah permit giving al-Māl al-Ḍā’iʿ to one’s family members as long as they are Fuqarā’. The fourth argument is, again, using the texts of al–Bayt al–Māl which misses the point of Tamlīk taking place to the Fuqarā’ via the proxy of the Sultān, and as such, the funds can now be used for the benefits and expenses of the Fuqarā’ such as burial, as all of this is post-Tamlīk.

Regardless, if the charity was to have an agreement of Wakālah with the Fuqarā’, then they would be able to spend it the money according to the agreement made between them and the Fuqarā’. This activity would potentially be acceptable to all the scholars irrespective of their view.

And Almighty Allah Alone Knows Best 

Maulana Inaamul Hasan Chothia
Trainee Mufti

Reviewed and approved by
Mufti Faraz Adam
Darul Iftaa Muadh ibn Jabal
www.darulfiqh.com 

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ولا بين المسلم والحربي في دار الحرب خلافاً لأبي يوسف (الهداية)

الْبَيْعُ الَّذِي فِيهِ الرِّبَا فَاسِدٌ أَوْ فِيهِ شُبْهَةُ الرِّبَا

لِأَنَّهُ بَيْعُ رِبًا، وَالْبَيْعُ الَّذِي فِيهِ رِبًا فَاسِدٌ (بدائع)

وَالرِّبْحُ الْحَاصِلُ بِكَسْبٍ خَبِيثٍ سَبِيلُهُ التَّصَدُّقُ بِهِ (المبسوط للسرخسي)

وَمَنْ صَيَّرَ مَا لَيْسَ بِمَالٍ مِنْ مِلْكِ الْغَيْرِ مَالًا بِفِعْلِهِ كَانَ ذَلِكَ الْمَالُ لَهُ كَمَنْ اتَّخَذَ كُوزًا مِنْ تُرَابِ غَيْرِهِ وَبَاعَهُ، وَلَكِنْ يَنْبَغِي لَهُ أَنْ يَتَصَدَّقَ بِهِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ حَصَلَ بِكَسْبٍ خَبِيثٍ، وَإِنْ دَفَعَهُ إلَى الْمَوْلَى مَعَ الْعَبْدِ، وَقَالَ: هَذَا الْمَالُ غَلَّةُ عَبْدِكَ، وَقَدْ سَلَّمْتُهُ لَكَ فَهُوَ لِلْمَوْلَى؛ لِأَنَّهُ أَخَذَ بِالِاحْتِيَاطِ فِيمَا صَنَعَ، وَتَحَرَّزَ عَنْ اخْتِلَافِ الْعُلَمَاءِ، فَإِنَّ عِنْدَ الشَّافِعِيِّ – رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ – هَذَا الْمَالُ لِلْمَوْلَى، وَعِنْدَنَا هُوَ لِلْأَجِيرِ، وَلَا يَمْنَعُهُ مِنْ تَمْلِيكِ مَالِ نَفْسِهِ مِنْهُ طَوْعًا، ثُمَّ يَحِلُّ لِلْمَوْلَى أَكْلُهُ اسْتِحْسَانًا. وَفِي الْقِيَاسِ لَا يَحِلُّ؛ لِأَنَّ حَقَّ الْفَقِيرِ أَثْبَتُ فِيهِ حِينَ وَجَبَ التَّصَدُّقُ بِهِ، فَلَا يَمْلِكُ الْآخِذُ إسْقَاطَ حَقِّ الْفُقَرَاءِ، وَلَكِنَّهُ اُسْتُحْسِنَ (المبسوط للسرخسي)

لَوْ كَانَ غَنِيًّا لَمْ يَحِلَّ لَهُ ذَلِكَ بَلْ يَتَصَدَّقُ عَلَى الْفَقِيرِ أَجْنَبِيًّا وَلَوْ زَوْجَةً أَوْ قَرِيبًا وَلَوْ أَصْلًا أَوْ فَرْعًا كَمَا فِي التَّنْوِيرِ  (غمز عيون البصائر في شرح الأشباه والنظائر)

فَلَا فَرْقَ بَيْنَ مَكَان وَمَكَانٍ وَلُقَطَةٍ وَلُقَطَة َيَنْتَفِعُ) الرَّافِعُ (بِهَا لَوْ فَقِيرًا وَإِلَّا تَصَدَّقَ بِهَا عَلَى فَقِيرٍ وَلَوْ عَلَى أَصْلِهِ وَفَرْعِهِ وَعُرْسِهِ (در المختار)

وَأَمَّا الرَّابِعُ فَمَصْرِفُهُ الْمَشْهُورُ هُوَ اللَّقِيطُ الْفَقِيرُ وَالْفُقَرَاءُ الَّذِينَ لَا أَوْلِيَاءَ لَهُمْ فَيُعْطَى مِنْهُ نَفَقَتَهُمْ وَأَدْوِيَتَهُمْ وَكَفَنَهُمْ وَعَقْلَ جِنَايَتِهِمْ كَمَا فِي الزَّيْلَعِيِّ وَغَيْرِهِ(حاشية ابن عابدين)

وَيَكُونُ رِبْحُ نَصِيبِهَا كَسْبًا خَبِيثًا وَمِثْلُهُ سَبِيلُهُ التَّصَدُّقُ عَلَى الْفُقَرَاءِ (العقود الدرية ابن عابدين)

كَمَا أَنَّ الْمُلْتَقِطَ لَهُ أَنْ يَصْرِفَ اللُّقَطَةَ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ إذَا كَانَ مُحْتَاجًا ثُمَّ إذَا أَصَابَ مَالًا تَصَدَّقَ بِمِثْلِهِ إذَا كَانَ غَنِيًّا وَقْتَ الِاسْتِغْلَالِ

وَإِنْ كَانَ فَقِيرًا فَلَا شَيْءَ عَلَيْهِ لِمَا ذَكَرْنَا مِنْ تَرَجُّحِهِ عَلَى غَيْرِهِ مِنْ الْفُقَرَاء  (تبيين الحقائق)

بيانه: أن ما كان سبيله التصدق، فلا يَجُوزُ صَرْفه إلى الغَنِي (غاية)

لأن التصدق عبارة عن التملك فلا يتصدق إلا فيمن هو أهل للملك (المحيط البرهاني)

لأن سبيل الكسب الخبيث التصدق إذا تعذر الرد(البحر الرائق)

فإن كانت أقل من عشرة دراهم عرَّفها ،أيامًا، وإن كانت عشرةً فصاعدًا عرَّفها حولا كاملا، فإن جاء صاحبها، وإلا تصدق بها (مختصر القدوري)

فأما عمارة مسجد أو رباط ونحو ذلك مما ليس بأهل للتملك فلا يجوز صرف هذه الغلة إليه؛ لأن التصدق عبارة عن التملك فلا يتصدق إلا فيمن هو أهل للملك والله أعلم. (المحيط)

(بَابُ الْمُسْتَأْمَن) قَالَ ﵀ (دَخَلَ تَاجِرُنَا ثَمَّةَ حَرُمَ تَعَرُّضُهُ لِشَيْءٍ مِنْهُمْ) أَيْ إذَا دَخَلَ دَارَ الْحَرْبِ بِأَمَانِ مُسْلِمٌ تَاجِرٌ يَحْرُمُ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَتَعَرَّضَ لِشَيْءٍ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ وَدِمَائِهِمْ «لِنَهْيِهِ ﵊ عَنْ الْغَدْرِ» عَلَى مَا بَيَّنَّا مِنْ قَبْلُ إلَّا إذَا غَدَرَ بِهِمْ مَلِكُهُمْ بِأَخْذِ الْأَمْوَالِ أَوْ الْجَيْشُ أَوْ غَيْرُهُ بِعِلْمِهِ وَلَمْ يَنْهَهُ عَنْهُ لِأَنَّهُمْ نَقَضُوا الْعَهْدَ بِهِ فَيُبَاحُ لَهُ التَّعَرُّضُ حِينَئِذٍ كَالْأَسِيرِ وَالْمُتَلَصِّصِ فَيَجُوزُ لَهُ أَخْذُ أَمْوَالِهِمْ وَقَتْلُ نُفُوسِهِمْ وَلَيْسَ لَهُ أَنْ يَسْتَبِيحَ فُرُوجَهُمْ فَإِنَّ الْفُرُوجَ لَا تَحِلُّ إلَّا بِالْمِلْكِ وَلَا مِلْكَ قَبْلَ الْإِحْرَازِ بِالدَّارِ عَلَى مَا بَيَّنَّا إلَّا إذَا وَجَدَ امْرَأَتَهُ الْمَأْسُورَةَ أَوْ أُمَّ وَلَدِهِ أَوْ مُدَبَّرَتِهِ وَلَمْ يَطَأْهُنَّ أَهْلُ الْحَرْبِ لِأَنَّهُنَّ لَا يَمْلِكُهُنَّ أَهْلُ الْحَرْبِ بِالِاسْتِيلَاءِ عَلَى مَا بَيَّنَّاهُ فَهُنَّ بَاقِيَاتٌ عَلَى مِلْكِهِ غَيْرَ أَنَّ أَهْلَ الْحَرْبِ إنْ وَطِئُوهُنَّ يَكُونُ شُبْهَةً فِي حَقِّهِنَّ فَيَجِبُ عَلَيْهِنَّ الْعِدَّةُ فَلَا يَجُوزُ لَهُ أَنْ يَطَأَهُنَّ حَتَّى تَنْقَضِيَ عِدَّتُهُنَّ بِخِلَافِ أَمَتِهِ الْمَأْسُورَةِ حَيْثُ لَا يَجُوزُ لَهُ أَنْ يَطَأَهَا وَإِنْ لَمْ يَطَأْهَا الْحَرْبِيُّ لِأَنَّهَا مَلَكُوهَا فَصَارَتْ مِنْ جُمْلَةِ أَمْوَالِهِمْ وَلِهَذَا لَا يَجُوزُ لَهُ أَنْ يَتَعَرَّضَ لَهَا بِشَيْءٍ إنْ دَخَلَ دَارَهُمْ بِأَمَانٍ وَلَمْ يُنْتَقَضْ الْأَمَانُ وَيَجُوزُ لَهُ التَّعَرُّضُ لِزَوْجَتِهِ وَأُمِّ وَلَدِهِ وَمُدَبَّرَتِهِ لِمَا ذَكَرْنَا
قَالَ ﵀ (فَلَوْ أَخْرَجَ شَيْئًا مَلَكَهُ مِلْكًا مَحْظُورًا) (فَيَتَصَدَّقُ بِهِ) يَعْنِي لَوْ غَدَرَهُمْ وَأَخَذَ شَيْئًا وَأَخْرَجَهُ إلَى دَارِ الْإِسْلَامِ مَلَكَهُ مِلْكًا مَحْظُورًا لِتَحَقُّقِ السَّبَبِ وَهُوَ الِاسْتِيلَاءُ عَلَى مَالٍ مُبَاحٍ وَالْحَظْرُ لِغَيْرِهِ لَا يَمْنَعُ الْمَشْرُوعِيَّةَ عَلَى مَا بَيَّنَّا مِنْ قَبْلُ لِانْعِقَادِ السَّبَبِ كَالِاصْطِيَادِ بِقَوْسٍ مَغْصُوبٍ غَيْرَ أَنَّهُ حَصَلَ بِسَبَبِ الْغَدْرِ فَأَوْجَبَ ذَلِكَ خُبْثًا فِيهِ فَيُؤْمَرُ بِالتَّصَدُّقِ بِهِ (تبيين الحقائق)

)قَوْلُهُ فَيُبَاحُ لَهُ التَّعَرُّضُ حِينَئِذٍ كَالْأَسِيرِ) قَالَ فِي الْكَافِي بِخِلَافِ الْأَسِيرِ حَيْثُ يُبَاحُ لَهُ التَّعَرُّضُ وَإِنْ أَطْلَقُوهُ طَوْعًا لِأَنَّهُ غَيْرُ مُسْتَأْمِنٍ وَلَمْ يُوجَدْ مِنْهُ الِالْتِزَامُ بِعَقْدٍ أَوْ عَهْدٍ. اهـ. (حاشية الشلبي)

يُوضَعُ فِي بَيْتِ الْمَالِ لِيَكُونَ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ بِاعْتِبَارِ أَنَّهُ مَالٌ ضَائِعٌ (المبسوط للسرخسي والعناية شرح الهداية)

وعن القفال أنه مال ضائع يدفعه إلى الإمام ليضعه في بيت المال، (البناية شرح الهداية)

أَمَّا صَلَاحِيَّةُ الْقَاضِي لِلْحُكْمِ فَهِيَ مَمْنُوحَةٌ مِنْ قِبَلِ السُّلْطَانِ الَّذِي لَهُ الْوِلَايَةُ الْعَامَّةُ عَلَى كَافَّةِ النَّاسِ فَالْقَاضِي الْمَنْصُوبُ مِنْ طَرَفِ السُّلْطَانِ لَهُ وِلَايَةٌ عَامَّةٌ عَلَى كَافَّةِ النَّاسِ الزَّيْلَعِيّ (درر الحكام شرح مجلة الأحكام ج 4 ث 641 دار الكتب)

لو هَلَكَ الْمَالُ فِي يَدِهِ؛ لِأَنَّ يَدَهُ كَيَدِ الْإِمَامِ، وَهُوَ نَائِبٌ عَنْ الْفُقَرَاءِ،(البحر الرائق ج 2 ص 227 أيج أيم سعيد)

وَلَو دفع زَكَاة مَاله إِلَى الإِمَام أَو إِلَى عَامل الصَّدَقَة فَإِنَّهُ يجوز لِأَنَّهُ نَائِب عَن الْفَقِير فِي الْقَبْض (تحفة الفقهاء ج 1 ص 307 دار الكتب)

امام ابو یوسف اور جمہور فقہاء کا قول دلائل کے اعتبار سے زیادہ قوی ہے اور اوفق بالزمان بھی ہے، پھر چونکہ اس زمانے میں اکثر ممالک میں مسلمان آرام سے رہتے ہیں اور اپنی عبادات وغیرہ بسہولت ادا کرتے ہیں ان کو سود لینے کی اجازت نہیں ، پھر ائمہ ثلاثہ کے نزدیک سود کی اجازت دار الحرب میں بھی نہیں ان کے مذہب کی رعایت اور دلائل کو دیکھتے ہوئے سود لینے کی اجازت بالکل نہیں دی جائیگی ۔ لہذا مذ ہب احناف میں اس قول کو فتوٹی کے لیے راجح قرار دیا جاتا ہے (فتاوی دار العلوم زکریا)

البتہ حکیم الامت حضرت مولانا اشرف علی تھانوی قدس سرہ کا رجحان اس طرف ہے کہ اس قسم کا مال بحکم لقطہ ہے، اور لقطے کا حکم یہ ہے کہ وہ اصل مالک غیر معلوم کی طرف سے صدقہ نافلہ ہے، اور اس میں تملیک ضروری نہیں، اس سلسلے میں امداد الاحکام جلد سوم میں حضرت مولانا ظفر احمد عثمانی رحمتہ اللہ علیہ نے حکیم الامت رحمہ اللہ کا یہ رجحان صراحة نقل فرمایا ہے اور وجدانا اسی قول کی طرف رجحان کا اشارہ کیا ہے (فتاوی عثماني)

ملک خبیث کا واجب التملیک ہونا فقہائے مذہب کی کتابوں میں کہیں صراحت کے ساتھ نہیں بلکہ اس پر لفظ تصدق سے استدلال کیا گیا ہے کہ چونکہ صدقہ عموماً تملیکا ہوتا ہے اس لئے ملک خبیث کو بھی واجب التملیک سمجھا گیا، حالانکہ خاص طور پر صدقہ نافلہ میں لفظ صدقہ کا اطلاق ان وجوہ خیر میں خرچ کرنے پر بھی ہوا ہے جن میں تملیک کی ضرورت نہیں ہوتی (فتاوی عثماني)

فقہائے حنفیہ کی تصریحات سے یہ بات بھی واضح ہوتی ہے کہ جو ملک خبیث واجب التصدق ہو وہ مصرف کے لحاظ سے من کل الوجوہ زکوۃ کی طرح نہیں ہے، بلکہ متعدد جہات سے زکوۃ اور واجب التصدق کے مصرف میں فرق ہے، مثلا یہ بات تقریباً تمام فقہائے حنفیہ نے بیان فرمائی ہے که یه مال متصدق اپنی بیوی اور اولاد کو بھی دے سکتا ہے (فتاوی عثماني)

اس کی وجہ ناچیز کی سمجھ میں یہ آتی ہے کہ مال واجب التصدق کا صدقہ اصل مالک کی طرف سے ہوتا ہے اور متصدق کی بیوی اور اولاد اس کے حق میں اجنبی ہیں۔ رفیع ( حاشیه از حضرت مولانا مفتی محمد رفیع عثمانی صاحب دامت برکاتہم العالیہ )

یہ بات تقریبا مسلم ہے کہ کسب خبیث کا واجب التصدق ہونا اس بناء پر ہے کہ اس کا صحیح مالک یا تو معلوم نہیں یا اس تک مال پہنچانا متعذر ہے، لہذا وہ لقطے کے حکم میں ہو گیا، اور لقطے کا حکم یہ ہے کہ وہ واجب التصدق ہے، اور چونکہ فقہائے حنفیہ نے بیت المال کے مصارف ذکر کرتے ہوئے لقطے کا مصرف صرف فقراء کو قرار دیا ہے، اس لئے اس سے یہ استنباط کیا گیا کہ زکوۃ کی طرح اس کی بھی تملیک ضروری ہے، لیکن یہ استنباط محل نظر ہے۔ اول تو بعض فقہائے حنفیہ نے لقطے کو صرف فقراء کے ساتھ خاص نہیں کیا بلکہ اسے تمام مصالح مسلمین میں خرچ کرنے کو درست قرار دیا ہے، چنانچہ علامہ شامی نے علامہ بزدوی سے نقل كيا ہے: أنه يصرف الى المرضى والزمنى واللقيط وعمارة القناطر والرباطات والثغور والمساجد وما أشبه ذلك.    

بیت المال میں لقطے کے مصرف کے بارے میں اور بھی متعدد کتب میں یہی عبارت موجود ہے، لیکن اس عبارت پر غور کرنے سے یہی بات معلوم ہوتی ہے کہ اگر چہ فقہاء نے فقراء کو لقطے کا مصرف قرار دیا ہے، لیکن اس کے لئے تملیک ضروری نہیں قرار دی جس کی واضح دلیل یہ ہے کہ فقیر اموات کی متخلفین کو بھی نقطے کے مصرف میں شامل کیا گیا ہے، حالانکہ میت کی علفین میں تملیک متحقق نہیں ہوتی چنانچہ زکوۃ کے باب میں اکثرمتون میں یہ صراحت ہے کہ اس کو شفین میت میں صرف نہیں کیا جاسکتا (فتاوی عثماني)

مسئلہ مختلف فیہ ہے، غریب مسکین کو دینا اولی ہے، سڑک وغیرہ رفاہ عام کے کاموں میں لگانے کی گنجائش ہے، مسجد میں نہیں لگا سکتے، مسجد کی بیت الخلاء کی مرمت میں لگا سکتے ہیں ۔ (فتاوی رحیمیہ: ۲۷۹/۹)

سود کی رقم کسی ضرورت مند کی انفرادی ضرورت کی تکمیل میں لگائی جاسکتی ہے، کسی اجتماعی فائدہ کا کام کر دینا جیسے کنواں کھودنا وغیرہ ۔ مسجدوں اور مدرسوں میں تو یہ رقم نہ لگائی جائے لیکن بیت الخلاء کی تعمیر کی علماء نے اجازت دی ہے۔ ( جدید فقہی مسائل: جلد اول ص ۲۵۳)

سود کو اس کے وبال کو درو کرنے کی نیت سے (بلانیت ثواب ) غرباء ومساکین کو بطور تملیک دےدیا جائے، گڑیو جنا میں یہ رقم نہ دی جائے ۔ (محمود الفتاوی : ۲۳/۳ ، باب الربا(

مفتی اعظم پاک و ہند حضرت مفتی محمد شفیع صاحب فرماتے ہیں: تملیک فقراء و مساکین ضروری ہے بناء مدارس و دیگر اوقاف و مبرات میں صرف کرنا ان اموال کا جائز نہیں (امداد المتین : جلد دوم ص ۳۸۳-۳۸۶، دارالاشاعت).

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