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Question:

A husband gave Talaq to his wife and did not give Nafaqah for the Iddah period. Now the wife is demanding that amount. Does that outstanding Nafaqah become a debt on the ex-husband?

The Fatwa

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

The Answer

The maintenance (Nafaqah) will not accrue as a debt on behalf of the husband unless there was a prior agreement between the husband and the wife, or it was stipulated by a higher authority.

The Fiqh of the Answer

Imam al-Qudūrī (d.428 AH), Imam al-Marghīnānī (d.593 AH), Imam al-Atqānī (d.758 AH), and other esteemed jurists state that if a husband fails to provide maintenance to his wife, it does not accrue as a debt on his part, unless any one of two conditions are met:

  1. There exists a prior agreement between the husband and wife in which they stipulated a specific amount as maintenance.
  2. An Islamic judiciary has stipulated a fixed amount for maintenance.

The binā (basis) of this Mas’alah is that Tabarruʿāt (gratuitous) payments are not binding in their essence. Maintenance is not considered an ʿIwaḍ (consideration). Rather, it falls under the category of Ṣilah (a gratuitous offering) and Tabarruʿ. Hence, Nafaqah overlaps with many principles of Hibah (gifting), as their essence and underpinning are identical, namely, being from Tabarruʿāt (gratuitous payments).

Nafaqah is from the Tabarruʿāt as it is not in lieu of any of any asset (Māl) or service (Manfaʿah). Nothing that a wife provides to the husband is deemed a transactional asset or service. A woman is not in a marriage in lieu of monthly stipends or payments. Hence, Imam al-Samarqandī (d.540 AH) states in Tuḥfat al-Fuqahā’, that marriage is not a Tijārah (transactional affair). To posit Nafaqah as a consideration would be belittling the roles of both the husband and the wife.

When there is nothing in lieu of the Nafaqah, it cannot be deemed a Muʿāwaḍah in Fiqh. When it is not a Muʿāwaḍah, it cannot be binding. Imam al-Marghīnānī (d.593 AH) asserts that there is no obligation in matters that are Tabarruʿ. Imam al-Sarakhsī (d.483 AH) states that Tabarruʿ performances cannot become binding on their own accord.

The entirety of Muʿāmalāt is based on the idea that one is only obliged to give something of value when they have agreed to receive something in return of value. Ibn Māzah al-Bukhārī (d.616 AH) states that being forced to give a payment without any reason for iltizām is a form of Rishwah (bribe) and unlawful.

People generally give value to receive something of value in return, whether that return is in this world or the Hereafter. Almighty Allah states:

“Human souls are embedded with self-interests.” [Qur’an 4:128]

Imam al-Rāzī (d.606 AH) and Imam al-Qurṭubī (d.671 AH) state that Almighty Allah has naturally embedded within us a self-interest which motivates us. We are continuously challenged to keep this self-interest within limits and give preference to other. Given this reality, humans typically give to receive something in return; either in this world or in the Hereafter. The Majallat al-Aḥkām al-ʿAdliyyah states that a person who typically serves others for a fee must be paid a fair fee, even if they did not discuss or agree on a fee. When it comes to Tabarru’ actions, even they are incentivised with otherworldly (Ākhirah) rewards. Thus, Ṣadaqah, Zakāt, Qarḍ and other Tabarruʿ typically all have promises of rewards.

Nafaqah is a Tabarruʿ, and therefore rewarding in the Hereafter. Nikāḥ is in its essence an ʿIbādah, and not from the Muʿāmalāt; Hence, Imam al-Ḥaddād al-Zabīdī (d.800 AH) states that the reason that Imam al-Marghīnānī (d.593 AH) brings Kitāb al-Nikāḥ ahead of Kitāb al-Buyūʿ is that Nikāḥ is ʿIbādah. However, due to the presence of a male and female interacting, the presence of mutual obligations, and the presence of Mahr, it becomes a Muʿāmalah ṣūratan. In addition to fulfilling rights and obligations, what each spouse does for the other is rewarding and a means of goodness in this world and the Hereafter.

In the scenarios where Nafaqah becomes binding, it does so due to external and extrinsic factors. If the husband mutually agrees to provide Nafaqah, it becomes binding because of the arrangement now falling under Ṣulḥ (mutual agreement and settlement), and not that Nafaqah has become a Muʿāwaḍah. Similarly, when an Islamic judiciary requires the husband to pay Nafaqah, this becomes binding due to the Wilāyah of Ilzām vested in the Islamic judiciary over the people it adjudicates.

Imām Ibn Māzah al-Bukhārī (d.616 AH) asserts that the ruling regarding maintenance during the ‘Iddah (waiting period) is the same as the ruling of maintenance when the marriage is still intact. Therefore, in the above scenario, the maintenance will not accrue as a debt in the responsibility of the husband unless any one of the two conditions are met.

And Almighty Allah Alone Knows Best 

Maulana Inaamul Hasan Chothia
Trainee Mufti

Reviewed and approved by
Mufti Faraz Adam
Darul Iftaa Muadh ibn Jabal
www.darulfiqh.com 

DISCLAIMER:

The views and opinions expressed in this answer belong only to the author and do not in any way represent or reflect the views of any institutions to which he may be affiliated.

Arguments and ideas propounded in this answer are based on the juristic interpretations and reasoning of the author. Given that contemporary issues and interpretations of contemporary issues are subjective in nature, another Mufti may reach different conclusions to the one expressed by the author. Whilst every effort has been taken to ensure total accuracy and soundness from a Shari’ah perspective, the author is open to any correction or juristic guidance. On the event of any juristic shortcomings, the author will retract any or all of the conclusions expressed within this answer.

The Shari’ah ruling given herein is based specifically on the scenario in question.  The author bears no responsibility towards any party that acts or does not act on this answer and is exempted from any and all forms of loss or damage.  This answer may not be used as evidence in any court of law without prior written consent from the author.  Consideration is only given and is restricted to the specific links provided, the author does not endorse nor approve of any other content the website may contain.

وإذا مضت مدة لم ينفق الزوج عليها، وطالبته بذلك فلا شيء لها، إلا أن يكون القاضي فرض لها نفقة أو صالحت الزوج على مقدارها، فيقضي لها بنفقة ما مضى [مختصر القدوري]

قال: وإذا مَضَت مدة لم يُنفِق الزوج عليها، وطالبته بذلك فلا شيء لها، إلا أن يكونَ القاضي فَرَضَ لها النفقة ، أو صالحتِ الزوج على مقدار منها فيقضى لها بنفقة ما مضى.

لأن النفقة صلةٌ، وليست بعوض عندنا، على ما مَرَّ من قبل، فلا يستحكم الوجوبُ فيها إلا بالقضاء، كالهبة لا توجب الملك إلا بمؤكد، هو القبض.

والصلح بمنزلة القضاء، لأن ولايته على نفسه: : أقوى من ولاية القاضي ، بخلاف المهر؛ لأنه عوض. [الهداية]

اعلَمْ أَنَّ نفقة الزوجةِ لا تَصيرُ دَيْنَا فِي ذِمَّةِ الزَّوجِ إلَّا بقضاء القاضي أو بالتراضي

أنَّها نفقةٌ تجبُ شيئًا فشيئًا ، فلا تصيرُ دَيْنَا بِمُضِي المدَّةِ

فلَمَّا انتفى كونُها عِوَضًا ، ثبت أنّها صِلَةٌ ، لأنَّ الصَّلةَ عبارة عمَّا يجبُ مِن غير عِوَض يقابله ، والصَّلاتُ لا يستقر وجوبها إِلَّا بِمُؤَكِّد ، كالهبة لا تتأكَّدُ إِلَّا بالقبض ، وهنا كذلك ؛ حيث تتأكَّدُ التَّفقةُ بقضاء القاضي، أو الصلح عن تراض ، وذلك لأنَّ القاضي له ولاية الإلزام ، فكذا للزوج عَلى نَفْسِه ولايةٌ، بَل ولايته على نفسه أكثر من ولاية القاضي ؛ لأَنَّ لَه أَن يلتزمَ النَّفقة فوق ما يُلْزِمُه القاضي بالمعروف، فكان صله في معنى القضاءِ بَل أَوْلَى [غاية البيان]

إذا ثبت هذا فتقول المعتدة: إذا لم تخاصم في نفقتها ولم يفرض القاضي لها شيئاً حتى انقضت العدة فلا نفقة لها، لأن النفقة في حال قيام النكاح لا تصير ديناً إلا بقضاء أو برضاء فكذا في حالة العدة [المحيط البرهاني ]

إذْ لَا جَبْرَ فِي التَّبَرُّعِ، [الهداية]

وَعَقْدُ التَّبَرُّعِ لَا يَلْزَمُ بِنَفْسِهِ (المبسوط)

اعْمَلْ فِيهِ بِرَأْيِك فَلَهُمَا أَن يعملا فِي ذَلِك مَا كَانَ من التِّجَارَة وتوابعها من الرَّهْن والارتهان وَدفع المَال مُضَارَبَة وَالسّفر بِالْمَالِ فِي قَوْلهم إِلَّا الْقَرْض وَالْهِبَة وَالْكِتَابَة وَالتَّزْوِيج وَنَحْو ذَلِك لِأَن هَذَا من بَاب التَّبَرُّع وَلَيْسَ من جنس التِّجَارَة  (تحفة الفقهاء)

(وَلِأَنَّهُ عَقْدُ تَبَرُّعٍ) وَعَقْدُ التَّبَرُّعِ لَمْ يَلْزَمْ بِهِ شَيْءٌ لَمْ يُتَبَرَّعْ بِهِ (العناية)

ثم الزيادة من الأجنبي لا تخلو إما أن تكون مطلقًا أو مقيدة بالثمن، وإما أن تكون مشروطة في العقد أو ملحقة بها، وإما أن تكون الزيادة بأمر المشتري أو بغير أمره، فإن كانت الزيادة مشروطة في العقد فإن كانت بغير أمر المشتري وكانت مطلقة غير مقيدة بالثمن.
وصورتها: رجل ساوم رجلًا له بألف درهم وأبى المالك إلا أن يبيعه بألف وخمسمائة فقال أجنبي لصاحب العبد: بعه إياه بألف على أني ضامن لك خمسمائة من الثمن سوى الألف فباعه إياه بألف ولم يشرطه شيئًا في البيع فالبيع جائز والخمسمائة التي ضمن الرجل للبائع باطل، وإن كانت مقيدة بالثمن.
وصورتها: إذا قال الأجنبي لصاحب العبد: بعه بألف درهم على أني ضامن لك خمسمائة من الثمن سوى الألف فباعه إياه جاز ووجب الألف على المشتري والخمسمائة على الأجنبي، وفي مسألة «الجامع الصغير» وإنما جاء الفرق بين المسألتين؛ لأن في المسألة الأولى لا يمكن أن يجعل كلام الأجنبي زيادة في الثمن؛ لأنه قال: على أني ضامن لك خمسمائة سوى هذه الألف والألف هو الثمن فكأنه قال: سوى الثمن فلا يمكن أن يجعل هذا زيادة في الثمن بقي هذا شرطًا للزيادة مطلقًا وشرط الزيادة مطلقًا التزام المال بلا سبب، والتزام المال بلا سبب رشوة حرام. (المحيط البرهاني)

فاعْلَمْ أنَّ الشُّحَّ هو البُخْلُ، والمُرادُ أنَّ الشُّحَّ جُعِلَ كالأمْرِ المُجاوِرِ لِلنُّفُوسِ اللّازِمِ لَها، يَعْنِي: أنَّ النُّفُوسَ مَطْبُوعَةٌ عَلى الشُّحِّ، ثُمَّ يُحْتَمَلُ أنْ يَكُونَ المُرادُ مِنهُ أنَّ المَرْأةَ تَشِحُّ بِبَذْلِ نَصِيبِها وحَقِّها، ويُحْتَمَلُ أنْ يَكُونَ المُرادُ أنَّ الزَّوْجَ يَشِحُّ بِأنْ يَقْضِيَ عُمُرَهُ مَعَها مَعَ دَمامَةِ وجْهِها وكِبَرِ سِنِّها، وعَدَمِ حُصُولِ اللَّذَّةِ بِمُجانَسَتِها. (مفاتيح الغيب)

السَّادِسَةُ- قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَأُحْضِرَتِ الْأَنْفُسُ الشُّحَّ﴾ إِخْبَارٌ بِأَنَّ الشُّحَّ فِي كُلِّ أَحَدٍ. وَأَنَّ الْإِنْسَانَ لَا بُدَّ أَنْ يَشِحَّ بِحُكْمِ خِلْقَتِهِ وَجِبِلَّتِهِ حَتَّى يَحْمِلَ صَاحِبَهُ عَلَى بَعْضِ مَا يَكْرَهُ، يُقَالُ: شَحَّ يَشِحُّ (بِكَسْرِ الشِّينِ) قَالَ ابْنُ جُبَيْرٍ: هُوَ شُحُّ الْمَرْأَةِ بِالنَّفَقَةِ مِنْ زَوْجِهَا وَبِقَسْمِهِ لَهَا أَيَّامَهَا. وَقَالَ ابْنُ زَيْدٍ: الشُّحُّ هُنَا مِنْهُ وَمِنْهَا. وَقَالَ ابْنُ عَطِيَّةَ: وَهَذَا أَحْسَنُ، فَإِنَّ الْغَالِبَ عَلَى الْمَرْأَةِ الشُّحُّ بِنَصِيبِهَا مِنْ زَوْجِهَا، وَالْغَالِبُ عَلَى الزَّوْجِ الشُّحُّ بِنَصِيبِهِ مِنَ الشَّابَّةِ. وَالشُّحُّ الضَّبْطُ عَلَى الْمُعْتَقَدَاتِ وَالْإِرَادَةِ وَفِي الْهِمَمِ وَالْأَمْوَالِ وَنَحْوِ ذَلِكَ، فَمَا أَفْرَطَ مِنْهُ عَلَى الدِّينِ فَهُوَ مَحْمُودٌ، وَمَا أَفْرَطَ مِنْهُ فِي غَيْرِهِ فَفِيهِ بَعْضُ الْمَذَمَّةِ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي قَالَ اللَّهُ فِيهِ: (وَمَنْ يُوقَ شُحَّ نَفْسِهِ فَأُولئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ)(٧). وَمَا صَارَ إِلَى حَيِّزِ مَنْعِ الْحُقُوقِ الشَّرْعِيَّةِ] أَوِ(٨) [الَّتِي تَقْتَضِيهَا الْمُرُوءَةُ فَهُوَ الْبُخْلُ وَهِيَ رَذِيلَةٌ. وَإِذَا آلَ الْبُخْلُ إِلَى هَذِهِ الْأَخْلَاقِ الْمَذْمُومَةِ وَالشِّيَمِ اللَّئِيمَةِ لَمْ يَبْقَ مَعَهُ خَيْرٌ مَرْجُوٌّ وَلَا صَلَاحٌ مَأْمُولٌ (تفسير القرطبي)

(كِتَابُ الْبُيُوعِ) إنَّمَا عَقَّبَ الْبَيْعَ بِالْعِبَادَاتِ وَأَخَّرَ النِّكَاحَ لِأَنَّ احْتِيَاجَ النَّاسِ إلَى الْبَيْعِ أَعَمُّ مِنْ احْتِيَاجِهِمْ إلَى النِّكَاحِ لِأَنَّهُ يَعُمُّ الصَّغِيرَ وَالْكَبِيرَ وَالذَّكَرَ وَالْأُنْثَى وَالْبَقَاءُ بِالْبَيْعِ أَقْوَى مِنْ الْبَقَاءِ بِالنِّكَاحِ لِأَنَّ بِهِ تَقُومُ الْمَعِيشَةُ الَّتِي هِيَ قِوَامُ الْأَجْسَامِ وَبَعْضُ الْمُصَنِّفِينَ قَدَّمَ النِّكَاحَ عَلَى الْبَيْعِ كَصَاحِبِ الْهِدَايَةِ وَغَيْرِهِ لِأَنَّ النِّكَاحَ عِبَادَةٌ بَلْ هُوَ أَفْضَلُ مِنْ الِاشْتِغَالِ بِنَفْلِ الْعِبَادَةِ لِأَنَّهُ سَبَبٌ إلَى التَّوْحِيدِ بِوَاسِطَةِ الْوَلَدِ الْمُوَحِّدِ (الجوهرة النيرة)

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