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Darul Fiqh Darul Fiqh
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The books of fiqh discuss the issues of beautification for men and women in great deal.ย  Beautification (zฤซnah) is a hallmark of women.[1]ย  Women are allowed to beautify themselves with all that which is permissible within the confines of their homes for their husbands.[2]ย  Men have been prohibited from adopting beautification (zฤซnah) as it is a feministic trait.[3]ย 

The books of fiqh mention two terminologies:ย 
1)ย ย ย ย  Zฤซnah (beautification)
2)ย ย ย ย  Tajammul (elegance)

Although zฤซnah and tajammul have been used interchangeably in many books, a clear distinction exists.ย  Zฤซnah is most commonly used for describing feministic beautification.[4]ย  Tajammul has been used frequently for dressing elegantly.[5]

Tajammul (elegance) for men is mustahab.[6]ย  Zฤซnah (beautification) is severely disliked.ย  There is a difference between the two.ย  Tajammul refers to enhancing what a man can wear.ย  Zฤซnah is to adopt additional articles which are designed for beautification and are commonly used by women.ย 
Examples of tajammul are: ย for men to wear elegant clothing, nice watches, polished shoes, stylish hats etc.ย  These articles and clothes are all permissible at the very outset.ย  To wear the best type or the most stylish would be tajammul and therefore permissible.[7] [8]

Zฤซnah is exclusively for women.ย  Examples of zฤซnah are bracelets, necklaces, mascara, hair extensions, piercing, eye lash extensions, hair beads etc.[9]

Principles regarding Zฤซnah:ย 

1)ย ย ย ย  Any item manufactured exclusively for zฤซnah will be severely disliked for men to wear
All forms of jewellery are exclusively designed for zฤซnah (beautification) and therefore are severely disliked for men to use.ย  The Fuqahฤโ€™ give the example of anklets.ย  Anklets are only used as jewellery and are exclusively for zฤซnah (beautification).ย  Therefore, all such jewellery are severely disliked for men to wear.[10]ย 

2)ย ย ย ย  Anything commonly used by females or is done by females generally, will be severely disliked for men
The Fuqahฤโ€™ have stated that it is severely disliked for men to wear a ring which is designed like a womanโ€™s ring.ย  The example they give of this is to wear a ring with two or more stones on it.[11]ย 

3)ย ย ย ย  The permissibility for items which can be used for multiple reasons is dependent on a maleโ€™s intention
The example cited in the books of fiqh is of kuhl (antimony).ย  Kuhl can be used for medical reasons as well as beautification.ย  If a male uses kuhl for beautification, it will be severely disliked for him to use it.ย  If he uses kuhl on medical grounds, it is permissible for him to use it.[12]
Intention governs all such scenarios.ย  Another example mentioned in the books of Fiqh is of a woman in her โ€˜iddah (waiting period).ย  She cannot adorn and beautify herself during the waiting period.ย  However, if she uses an item which has a dual usage like decorated clothing, she may wear such clothing on condition she does not intend beautification and adornment. [13]Likewise, for a male to oil his moustache will be permissible provided he does not intend to beautify himself by doing so.ย  Intention is the distinguishing factor.[14]ย 

4)ย ย ย ย  Any item which has a two-fold use, one being zฤซnah; if done for other than zฤซnah, it will be permissible even if it results in the male being beautified and apparently adopting zฤซnah.[15]
For example, if a man applies Kuhl to his eyes for the medical benefits kuhl offers, then even though the maleโ€™s eyes are beautified and are appealing, this application of kuhl will be permissible.ย 

5)ย ย ย ย  If males use any product with a dual usage intending zฤซnah, it will be severely disliked.
If a man applies black kuhl to eyes to beautify himself or to look nice, it will be severely disliked.[16]

And Allah knows bestย 

Mufti Faraz Adam


[1] ย ย ูˆูŽุญูŽุงุฌูŽุฉู ุงู„ู†ูู‘ุณูŽุงุกู ุฅู„ูŽู‰ ุฏูุฎููˆู„ู ุงู„ู’ุญูŽู…ูŽู‘ุงู…ูŽุงุชู ููŽูˆู’ู‚ูŽ ุญูŽุงุฌูŽุฉู ุงู„ุฑูู‘ุฌูŽุงู„ู ู„ูุฃูŽู†ูŽู‘ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽู‚ู’ุตููˆุฏูŽ ุชูŽุญู’ุตููŠู„ู ุงู„ุฒูู‘ูŠู†ูŽุฉู ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑู’ุฃูŽุฉู ุฅู„ูŽู‰ ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุฃูŽุญู’ูˆูŽุฌู ู…ูู†ู’ ุงู„ุฑูŽู‘ุฌูู„ู ูˆูŽูŠูŽุชูŽู…ูŽูƒูŽู‘ู†ู ุงู„ุฑูŽู‘ุฌูู„ู ู…ูู†ู’ ุงู„ูุงุบู’ุชูุณูŽุงู„ู ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู†ู’ู‡ูŽุงุฑู ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุญููŠูŽุงุถู ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑู’ุฃูŽุฉู ู„ูŽุง ุชูŽุชูŽู…ูŽูƒูŽู‘ู†ู ู…ูู†ู’ ุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽ (ุงู„ู…ุจุณูˆุท ู„ู„ุณุฑุฎุณูŠ ุฌ 10 ุต 148 ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ)ย 

[2] ย ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุจูŽุฃู’ุณ ุจูุฃูŽู† ุชุตู„ ุดุนุฑู‡ูŽุง ุจูุดุนุฑ ุงู„ู’ุจูŽู‡ููŠู…ูŽุฉ ู„ูุฃูŽู† ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ู…ู† ุจูŽุงุจ ุงู„ุฒูู‘ูŠู†ูŽุฉ ูˆูŽู‡ููŠ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูŽู…ู’ู†ููˆุนูŽุฉ ุนูŽู†ู’ู‡ูŽุง ู„ู„ุฒูŽู‘ูˆู’ุฌ (ุชุญูุฉ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ุงุก ุฌ 3 ุต 344 ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ)

[3] ย (ูˆุฎุงุชู…ูŽ ุฐู‡ุจูŒ ุญูŽู„ู’ูŠ) ุจูุชุญ ูˆุณูƒูˆู†: ู…ุง ูŠูู„ุจุณ ู„ู„ุฒูŠู†ุฉุŒ ูˆุฌู…ุนู‡ ุญูู„ููŠู‘ ุจุถู… ููƒุณุฑ ูุชุดุฏูŠุฏ ูŠุงุก. ูุญู†ุซ ุจู„ุจุณู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุญูŽู„ูŽููŽ ู„ุง ูŠูŽู„ุจูŽุณู ุญูู„ููŠุงู‹ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠูุณุชุนู…ู„ ุฅู„ุง ู„ู„ุชุฒูŠู†ุŒ ูˆู„ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠุญู„ู ู„ู„ุฑุฌู„ุŒ ููƒุงู† ูƒุงู…ู„ุงู‹ ููŠ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุญูู„ูŠุŒ ูุฏุฎู„ ุชุญุช ุงุณู…ู‡ (ู„ุง ุฎุงุชูŽู… ูุถุฉ) ุฃูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ุฎุงุชู… ุงู„ููุถุฉ ุจูุญูู„ูŠุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูุณุชุนู…ู„ ู„ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฒูŠูู‘ู†ุŒ ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ุญู„ู‘ ู„ู„ุฑุฌุงู„ุŒ ูู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ูƒุงู…ู„ุงู‹ ููŠ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุญูู„ูŠุŒ ูู„ู… ูŠุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ู…ุทู„ู‚ ุงุณู…ู‡. ูˆููŠ ยซุฌุงู…ุน ู‚ุงุถูŠุฎุงู†ยป: ู‚ุงู„ ู…ุดุงูŠุฎู†ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฎุงุชู… ุงู„ูุถุฉ ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุฎุงุชู… ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ุŒ ุจุฃู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ููŠู‡ ูุตุŒ ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ ูุต ุญู†ุซ. ุงู†ุชู‡ู‰. ูˆู„ุนู„ู‡ ู…ู‚ูŠุฏูŒ ุจูููŽุตูŽ ููŠู‡ ุฒูŠู†ุฉุŒ ูˆุฅู„ุง ูู‚ุฏ ุซุจุช ููŠ ุดู…ุงุฆู„ ุฑุณูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุณู„ู… ุฃู† ุฎุงุชูŽู…ู‡ ู„ู‡ ููŽุตูŒู‘. (ูุชุญ ุจุงุจ ุงู„ุนู†ุงูŠุฉ)

[4] ย ูˆูŽุงู„ุฒูู‘ูŠู†ูŽุฉู ู…ูŽุง ุชูŽุฒูŽูŠูŽู‘ู†ูŽุชู’ ุจูู‡ู ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑู’ุฃูŽุฉู ู…ูู†ู’ ุญูู„ููŠูู‘ ุฃูŽูˆู’ ูƒูุญู’ู„ู ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ูƒูŽุดูŽู‘ุงูู (ู…ุฌู…ุน ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุฑ ุฌ 1 ุต 471 ุฏุงุฑ ุฅุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชุฑุงุซ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ)

[5] ย (ูˆูŽูŠููƒู’ุฑูŽู‡ู) ุฃูŽูŠู’ ู„ูู„ุฑูู‘ุฌูŽุงู„ู ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ู…ูŽุฑูŽู‘ ูููŠ ุจูŽุงุจู ุงู„ู’ูƒูŽุฑูŽุงู‡ููŠูŽุฉู (ู„ูุจู’ุณู ุงู„ู’ู…ูุนูŽุตู’ููŽุฑู ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูุฒูŽุนู’ููŽุฑู) ู„ูู‚ูŽูˆู’ู„ู ยซุงุจู’ู†ู ุนูู…ูŽุฑูŽ – ุฑูŽุถููŠูŽ ุงู„ู„ูŽู‘ู‡ู ุนูŽู†ู’ู‡ูู…ูŽุง – ู†ูŽู‡ูŽุงู†ูŽุง ุฑูŽุณููˆู„ู ุงู„ู„ูŽู‘ู‡ู – ุตูŽู„ูŽู‘ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŽู‘ู‡ู ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณูŽู„ูŽู‘ู…ูŽ – ุนูŽู†ู’ ู„ูุจู’ุณู ุงู„ู’ู…ูุนูŽุตู’ููŽุฑู ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุฅูŠูŽู‘ุงูƒูู…ู’ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุญู’ู…ูŽุฑูŽ ููŽุฅูู†ูŽู‘ู‡ู ุฒููŠูู‘ ุงู„ุดูŽู‘ูŠู’ุทูŽุงู†ูยป ูˆูŽูŠูุณู’ุชูŽุญูŽุจูู‘ ุงู„ุชูŽู‘ุฌูŽู…ูู‘ู„ู ูˆูŽุฃูŽุจูŽุงุญูŽ ุงู„ู„ูŽู‘ู‡ู ุงู„ุฒูู‘ูŠู†ูŽุฉูŽ ุจูู‚ูŽูˆู’ู„ูู‡ู ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ – {ู‚ูู„ู’ ู…ูŽู†ู’ ุญูŽุฑูŽู‘ู…ูŽ ุฒููŠู†ูŽุฉูŽ ุงู„ู„ูŽู‘ู‡ู ุงู„ูŽู‘ุชููŠ ุฃูŽุฎู’ุฑูŽุฌูŽ ู„ูุนูุจูŽุงุฏูู‡ู} [ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงู: 32]- ุงู„ู’ุขูŠูŽุฉูŽ ูˆูŽุฎูŽุฑูŽุฌูŽ – ุตูŽู„ูŽู‘ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŽู‘ู‡ู ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณูŽู„ูŽู‘ู…ูŽ – ุฑูุฏูŽุงุกูŒ ู‚ููŠู…ูŽุชูู‡ู ุฃูŽู„ู’ูู ุฏููŠู†ูŽุงุฑู ุฒูŽูŠู’ู„ูŽุนููŠูŒู‘ (ุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุชุงุฑ ย ุฌ 6 ุต 755 ุฃูŠุฌ ุฃูŠู… ุณุนูŠุฏ)

[6] ย ูˆูŽูŠูุณู’ุชูŽุญูŽุจูู‘ ู„ูู„ุฑูŽู‘ุฌูู„ู ุฃูŽู†ู’ ูŠูŽู„ู’ุจูŽุณูŽ ุฃูŽุญู’ุณูŽู†ูŽ ุงู„ุซูู‘ูŠูŽุงุจูุŒ ูˆูŽูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ุฃูŽุจููˆ ุญูŽู†ููŠููŽุฉูŽ – ุฑูŽุถููŠูŽ ุงู„ู„ูŽู‘ู‡ู ุนูŽู†ู’ู‡ู – ูŠููˆุตููŠ ุฃูŽุตู’ุญูŽุงุจูŽู‡ู ุจูุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽุŒ ูˆูŽูŠูŽู„ู’ุจูŽุณู ุฑูุฏูŽุงุกู‹ ุจูุฃูŽุฑู’ุจูŽุนูู…ูุงุฆูŽุฉู ุฏููŠู†ูŽุงุฑูุŒ ูˆูŽุฃูŽุจูŽุงุญูŽ ุงู„ู„ูŽู‘ู‡ู ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ุฒูู‘ูŠู†ูŽุฉูŽ ุจูู‚ูŽูˆู’ู„ูู‡ู ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ {ู‚ูู„ู’ ู…ูŽู†ู’ ุญูŽุฑูŽู‘ู…ูŽ ุฒููŠู†ูŽุฉูŽ ุงู„ู„ูŽู‘ู‡ู ุงู„ูŽู‘ุชููŠ ุฃูŽุฎู’ุฑูŽุฌูŽ ู„ูุนูุจูŽุงุฏูู‡ู} [ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงู: 32] ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ – ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ุงู„ุตูŽู‘ู„ูŽุงุฉู ูˆูŽุงู„ุณูŽู‘ู„ูŽุงู…ู – ยซุฅู†ูŽู‘ ุงู„ู„ูŽู‘ู‡ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุฅุฐูŽุง ุฃูŽู†ู’ุนูŽู…ูŽ ุนูŽู„ูŽู‰ ุนูŽุจู’ุฏู ุฃูŽุญูŽุจูŽู‘ ุฃูŽู†ู’ ูŠูŽุฑูŽู‰ ุขุซูŽุงุฑูŽ ู†ูุนู’ู…ูŽุชูู‡ู ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ูยป ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุฏู’ ุฎูŽุฑูŽุฌูŽ ุฑูŽุณููˆู„ู ุงู„ู„ูŽู‘ู‡ู – ุตูŽู„ูŽู‘ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŽู‘ู‡ู ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณูŽู„ูŽู‘ู…ูŽ – ูˆูŽุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ุฑูุฏูŽุงุกูŒ ู‚ููŠู…ูŽุชูู‡ู ุฃูŽู„ู’ูู ุฏูุฑู’ู‡ูŽู…ูุŒ ูˆูŽุฑูุจูŽู‘ู…ูŽุง ู‚ูŽุงู…ูŽ ุฅู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ุตูŽู‘ู„ูŽุงุฉูุŒ ูˆูŽุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ุฑูุฏูŽุงุกูŒ ู‚ููŠู…ูŽุชูู‡ู ุฃูŽุฑู’ุจูŽุนูŽุฉู ุขู„ูŽุงูู ุฏูุฑู’ู‡ูŽู…ู. (ุชุจูŠูŠู† ุฌ 6 ุต 229 ุฅู…ุฏุงุฏูŠุฉ)

[7]ย  ย ููŽุตู’ู„ูŒ ุงู„ู’ูƒูุณู’ูˆูŽุฉู: ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ูŽุง ููŽุฑู’ุถูŒุŒ ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ู…ูŽุง ูŠูŽุณู’ุชูุฑู ุงู„ู’ุนูŽูˆู’ุฑูŽุฉูŽ ูˆูŽูŠูŽุฏู’ููŽุนู ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุฑูŽู‘ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุจูŽุฑู’ุฏูŽุŒ ูˆูŽูŠูŽู†ู’ุจูŽุบููŠ ุฃูŽู†ู’ ูŠูŽูƒููˆู†ูŽ ู…ูู†ูŽ ุงู„ู’ู‚ูุทู’ู†ู ุฃูŽูˆู ุงู„ู’ูƒูŽุชูŽู‘ุงู†ู ุจูŽูŠู’ู†ูŽ ุงู„ู†ูŽู‘ูููŠุณู ูˆูŽุงู„ุฏูŽู‘ู†ููŠุกู ูˆูŽู…ูุณู’ุชูŽุญูŽุจูŒู‘ุŒ ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุณูŽุชู’ุฑู ุงู„ู’ุนูŽูˆู’ุฑูŽุฉูุŒ ูˆูŽุฃูŽุฎู’ุฐู ุงู„ุฒูู‘ูŠู†ูŽุฉูุŒ ูˆูŽู…ูุจูŽุงุญูŒุŒ ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ุซูŽู‘ูˆู’ุจู ุงู„ู’ุฌูŽู…ููŠู„ู ู„ูู„ุชูŽู‘ุฒูŽูŠูู‘ู†ู ุจูู‡ู ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ุฌูู…ูŽุนู ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุนู’ูŠูŽุงุฏู ูˆูŽู…ูŽุฌูŽุงู…ูุนู ุงู„ู†ูŽู‘ุงุณู ูˆูŽู…ูŽูƒู’ุฑููˆู‡ูŒุŒ ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ู„ูู‘ุจู’ุณู ู„ูู„ุชูŽู‘ูƒูŽุจูู‘ุฑู ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุฎููŠูŽู„ูŽุงุกูŽ ูˆูŽูŠูุณู’ุชูŽุญูุจูู‘ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุจู’ูŠูŽุถู ู…ูู†ูŽ ุงู„ุซูู‘ูŠูŽุงุจูุŒ ูˆูŽูŠููƒู’ุฑูŽู‡ู ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุญู’ู…ูŽุฑู ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูุนูŽุตู’ููŽุฑู ูˆูŽุงู„ุณูู‘ู†ูŽู‘ุฉู: ุฅูุฑู’ุฎูŽุงุกู ุทูŽุฑูŽูู ุงู„ู’ุนูู…ูŽุงู…ูŽุฉู ุจูŽูŠู’ู†ูŽ ูƒูŽุชูููŽูŠู’ู‡ูุŒ ูˆูŽุฅูุฐูŽุง ุฃูŽุฑูŽุงุฏูŽ ุฃูŽู†ู’ ูŠูุฌูŽุฏูู‘ุฏูŽ ู„ูŽููŽู‘ู‡ูŽุง ู†ูŽู‚ูŽุถูŽู‡ูŽุง ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ู„ูŽููŽู‘ู‡ูŽุง. (ุงู„ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ุฌ 4 ุต 144 ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ)

[8] ย ู…ูŽุฑูŽุงุชูุจ ุงู„ู„ู‘ุจู’ุณ ูˆุงู„ู„ุจุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุซูŽู„ูŽุงุซ ู…ูŽุฑูŽุงุชูุจ ูุฑุถ ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ูŽุง ูŠุณุชุฑ ุจุฏู†ู‡ ูˆูŽูŠุฏู’ููŽุน ุนูŽู†ู‡ู ุถูŽุฑูŽุฑ ุงู„ู’ุญุฑ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุจุฑุฏ ู…ู† ูˆุณุท ุซููŠูŽุงุจ ุงู„ู’ู‚ุทู† ุฃูŽูˆ ุงู„ู’ูƒูŽุชูŽู‘ุงู† ูˆุงู„ู‚ุทู† ุนูู†ู’ุฏููŠ ุฃูุถู„ ูˆู…ุณุชุญุจ ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ู„ุจุณ ุงู„ุซูู‘ูŠูŽุงุจ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุชุฌู…ู„ ูˆุงู„ุชุฒูŠู† ูˆูŽุฅูุธู’ู‡ูŽุงุฑ ู†ุนู’ู…ูŽุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆูŽุญุฑูŽุงู… ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ู„ุจุณู‡ูŽุง ู„ู„ุชูƒุจุฑ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุฎููŠูŽู„ูŽุงุก (ุชุญูุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ูˆูƒ ุฌ 1 ุต 277 ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุดุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠุฉ)

[9] ย ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุจูŽุฃู’ุณูŽ ู„ูู„ู†ูู‘ุณูŽุงุกู ุจูุชูŽุนู’ู„ููŠู‚ู ุงู„ู’ุฎูŽุฑูŽุฒู ููŠ ุดูุนููˆุฑูู‡ูู†ูŽู‘ ู…ู† ุตููู’ุฑู ุฃูˆ ู†ูุญูŽุงุณู ุฃูˆ ุดูŽุจูŽู‘ุฉู ุฃูˆ ุญูŽุฏููŠุฏู ูˆูŽู†ูŽุญู’ูˆูู‡ูŽุง ู„ูู„ุฒูู‘ูŠู†ูŽุฉู ูˆูŽุงู„ุณูู‘ูˆูŽุงุฑู ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุจูŽุฃู’ุณูŽ ุจูุดูŽุฏูู‘ ุงู„ู’ุฎูŽุฑูŽุฒู ุนู„ู‰ ุณูŽุงู‚ูŽูŠู’ ุงู„ุตูŽู‘ุจููŠูู‘ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽู‡ู’ุฏู ุชูŽุนู’ู„ููŠู„ู‹ุง ู„ู‡ ูƒูŽุฐูŽุง ููŠ ุงู„ู’ู‚ูู†ู’ูŠูŽุฉู (ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูŠุฉ ุฌ 5 ุต 359 ุงู„ุฑุดูŠุฏูŠุฉ)

ูˆูŽู‚ูŽูŠูŽู‘ุฏูŽ ุจูุฎูŽุงุชูŽู…ู ุงู„ู’ููุถูŽู‘ุฉูุ› ู„ูุฃูŽู†ูŽู‘ ุงู„ู’ุฎูŽู„ู’ุฎูŽุงู„ูŽ ูˆูŽุงู„ุฏูู‘ู…ู’ู„ูุฌูŽ ูˆูŽุงู„ุณูู‘ูˆูŽุงุฑูŽ ุญูู„ููŠูŒู‘ุ› ู„ูุฃูŽู†ูŽู‘ู‡ู ู„ูŽุง ูŠูุณู’ุชูŽุนู’ู…ูŽู„ู ุฅู„ูŽู‘ุง ู„ูู„ุชูŽู‘ุฒูŽูŠูู‘ู†ู ููŽูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ูƒูŽุงู…ูู„ู‹ุง ูููŠ ู…ูŽุนู’ู†ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ุญูู„ููŠูู‘ ูƒูŽุฐูŽุง ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุญููŠุทู. (ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุฌ 4 ุต 392 ุฃูŠุฌ ุฃูŠู… ุณุนูŠุฏ)

[10] ย ูˆูŽู‚ูŽูŠูŽู‘ุฏูŽ ุจูุฎูŽุงุชูŽู…ู ุงู„ู’ููุถูŽู‘ุฉูุ› ู„ูุฃูŽู†ูŽู‘ ุงู„ู’ุฎูŽู„ู’ุฎูŽุงู„ูŽ ูˆูŽุงู„ุฏูู‘ู…ู’ู„ูุฌูŽ ูˆูŽุงู„ุณูู‘ูˆูŽุงุฑูŽ ุญูู„ููŠูŒู‘ุ› ู„ูุฃูŽู†ูŽู‘ู‡ู ู„ูŽุง ูŠูุณู’ุชูŽุนู’ู…ูŽู„ู ุฅู„ูŽู‘ุง ู„ูู„ุชูŽู‘ุฒูŽูŠูู‘ู†ู ููŽูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ูƒูŽุงู…ูู„ู‹ุง ูููŠ ู…ูŽุนู’ู†ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ุญูู„ููŠูู‘ ูƒูŽุฐูŽุง ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุญููŠุทู. (ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุฌ 4 ุต 392 ุฃูŠุฌ ุฃูŠู… ุณุนูŠุฏ)

[11] ย ูˆูŽู„ูŽูˆู’ ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ุฎูŽุงุชูŽู…ู ุงู„ู’ููุถูŽู‘ุฉู ูƒูŽู‡ูŽูŠู’ุฆูŽุฉู ุฎูŽุงุชูŽู…ู ุงู„ู†ูู‘ุณูŽุงุกู ุจูุฃูŽู†ู’ ูŠูŽูƒููˆู†ูŽ ู„ูŽู‡ู ููŽุตูŽู‘ุงู†ู ุฃูŽูˆู’ ุซูŽู„ูŽุงุซูŽุฉูŒ ูƒูุฑูู‡ูŽ ุงุณู’ุชูุนู’ู…ูŽุงู„ูู‡ู ู„ูู„ุฑูู‘ุฌูŽุงู„ู (ุฏุฑุฑ ุงู„ุญูƒุงู… ุฌ 1 ุต 312 ู…ูŠุฑ ู…ุญู…ุฏ)

[12] ย ูˆู„ุง ุจุฃุณ ุจุงู„ุงูƒุชุญุงู„ ู„ู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ุฅุฐุง ู‚ุตุฏ ุจู‡ ุงู„ุชุฏุงูˆูŠ ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุฒูŠู†ุฉ (ุงู„ู‡ุฏุงูŠุฉ ุฌ 1 ุต 123 ุฏุงุฑ ุงุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชุฑุงุซ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ)

ุงุชูู‚ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูŠุฎ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุจุฃุณ ุจุงู„ุฅุซู…ุฏ ู„ู„ุฑุฌู„ุŒ ูˆุงุชูู‚ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูƒุฑู‡ ุงู„ูƒุญู„ ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฏ ุฅุฐุง ู‚ุตุฏ ุจู‡ ุงู„ุฒูŠู†ุฉ (ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ุจุฑู‡ุงู†ูŠ ุฌ 8 ุต 88 ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู†)

ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุจูŽุฃู’ุณูŽ ุจูุงู„ูุงูƒู’ุชูุญูŽุงู„ู ู„ูู„ุฑูู‘ุฌูŽุงู„ู ุฅุฐูŽุง ู‚ูŽุตูŽุฏููˆุง ุจูู‡ู ุงู„ุชูŽู‘ุฏูŽุงูˆููŠูŽ ุฏููˆู†ูŽ ุงู„ุฒูู‘ูŠู†ูŽุฉู (ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆู‚ ุฌ 2 ุต 302 ุฃูŠุฌ ุฃูŠู… ุณุนูŠุฏ)

[13] ย ุซู…ูŽู‘ ุชูŽูู’ุณููŠุฑ ุงู„ู’ุฅูุญู’ุฏูŽุงุฏ ู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู†ุงุจ ุนูŽู† ุฌูŽู…ููŠุน ู…ูŽุง ูŠุชุฒูŠู† ุจูู‡ู ุงู„ู†ูู‘ุณูŽุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุทู‘ูŠุจ ูˆูŽู„ุจุณ ุงู„ุซูŽู‘ูˆู’ุจ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุตู’ุจููˆุบ ูˆุงู„ู…ุทูŠุจ ุจุงู„ุนุตูุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฒุนูุฑุงู† ูˆุงู„ุงูƒุชุญุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุงุฏู‡ุงู† ูˆุงู„ุงู…ุชุดุงุท ูˆูŽู„ุจุณ ุงู„ู’ุญู„ููŠู‘ ูˆุงู„ุฎุถุงุจ ูˆูŽู†ูŽุญู’ูˆ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ุฅูู„ูŽู‘ุง ุฅูุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ูŽู‡ูŽุง ุฅูู„ูŽู‘ุง ุซูˆุจ ู…ุตุจูˆุบ ููŽู„ูŽุง ุจูŽุฃู’ุณ ุจูุฃูŽู† ุชู„ุจุณู‡ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุชู‚ุตุฏ ุงู„ุฒูู‘ูŠู†ูŽุฉ

ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ูููŠ ุงู„ุฃูŽุตู’ู„ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุชู„ุจุณ ู‚ุตุจุง ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุฎูŽุฒู‹ู‘ุง ุชุชุฒูŠู† ุจูู‡ู ู„ูุฃูŽู† ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ู…ูู…ูŽู‘ุง ูŠู„ุจุณ ู„ู„ู’ุญูŽุงุฌุฉ ููŽูŠุนู’ุชูŽุจุฑ ูููŠู‡ู ุงู„ู’ู‚ูŽุตู’ุฏ ููŽุฅูู† ู‚ุตุฏุช ุงู„ุฒูู‘ูŠู†ูŽุฉ ูŠูƒุฑู‡ ูˆูŽุฅูู† ู„ู… ุชู‚ุตุฏ ููŽู„ูŽุง ุจูŽุฃู’ุณ (ุชุญูุฉ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ุงุก ุฌ 2 ุต 252 ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ)

[14] ย ูˆูŽูŠูุณู’ุชูŽุญู’ุณูŽู†ู ุฏูŽู‡ู’ู†ู ุงู„ุดูŽู‘ุงุฑูุจู ุฅุฐูŽุง ู„ูŽู…ู’ ูŠูŽูƒูู†ู’ ู…ูู†ู’ ู‚ูŽุตู’ุฏูู‡ู ุงู„ุฒูู‘ูŠู†ูŽุฉูุ› ู„ูุฃูŽู†ูŽู‘ู‡ู ูŠูŽุนู’ู…ูŽู„ู ุนูŽู…ูŽู„ูŽ ุงู„ู’ุฎูุถูŽุงุจู (ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆู‚ ุฌ 2 ุต 302 ุฃูŠุฌ ุฃูŠู… ุณุนูŠุฏ)

[15] ย ูˆูŽุงุนู’ู„ูŽู…ู’ ุฃูŽู†ูŽู‘ู‡ู ู„ูŽุง ุชูŽู„ูŽุงุฒูู…ูŽ ุจูŽูŠู’ู†ูŽ ู‚ูŽุตู’ุฏู ุงู„ู’ุฌูŽู…ูŽุงู„ู ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุตู’ุฏู ุงู„ุฒูู‘ูŠู†ูŽุฉู ููŽุงู„ู’ู‚ูŽุตู’ุฏู ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽูˆูŽู‘ู„ู ู„ูุฏูŽูู’ุนู ุงู„ุดูŽู‘ูŠู’ู†ู ูˆูŽุฅูู‚ูŽุงู…ูŽุฉู ู…ูŽุง ุจูู‡ู ุงู„ู’ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงุฑู ูˆูŽุฅูุธู’ู‡ูŽุงุฑู ุงู„ู†ูู‘ุนู’ู…ูŽุฉู ุดููƒู’ุฑู‹ุง ู„ูŽุง ููŽุฎู’ุฑู‹ุงุŒ ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุฃูŽุซูŽุฑู ุฃูŽุฏูŽุจู ุงู„ู†ูŽู‘ูู’ุณู ูˆูŽุดูŽู‡ูŽุงู…ูŽุชูู‡ูŽุง ูˆูŽุงู„ุซูŽู‘ุงู†ููŠ ุฃูŽุซูŽุฑู ุถูŽุนู’ููู‡ูŽุงุŒ ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ููˆุง ุจูุงู„ู’ุฎูุถูŽุงุจู ูˆูŽุฑูŽุฏูŽุชู’ ุงู„ุณูู‘ู†ูŽู‘ุฉูุŒ ูˆูŽู„ูŽู…ู’ ูŠูŽูƒูู†ู’ ู„ูู‚ูŽุตู’ุฏู ุงู„ุฒูู‘ูŠู†ูŽุฉู ุซูู…ูŽู‘ ุจูŽุนู’ุฏูŽ ุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽ ุฅู†ู’ ุญูŽุตูŽู„ูŽุชู’ ุฒููŠู†ูŽุฉูŒ ููŽู‚ูŽุฏู’ ุญูŽุตูŽู„ูŽุชู’ ูููŠ ุถูู…ู’ู†ู ู‚ูŽุตู’ุฏู ู…ูŽุทู’ู„ููˆุจู ููŽู„ูŽุง ูŠูŽุถูุฑูู‘ู‡ู ุฅุฐูŽุง ู„ูŽู…ู’ ูŠูŽูƒูู†ู’ ู…ูู„ู’ุชูŽููŽุชู‹ุง ุฅู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูƒูŽุฐูŽุง ูููŠ ููŽุชู’ุญู ุงู„ู’ู‚ูŽุฏููŠุฑู ูˆูŽู„ูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู’ูˆูŽู„ู’ูˆูŽุงู„ูุฌููŠูู‘ ูููŠ ููŽุชูŽุงูˆููŠู‡ู: ู„ูุจู’ุณู ุงู„ุซูู‘ูŠูŽุงุจู ุงู„ู’ุฌูŽู…ููŠู„ูŽุฉู ู…ูุจูŽุงุญูŒ ุฅุฐูŽุง ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ู„ูŽุง ูŠูŽุชูŽูƒูŽุจูŽู‘ุฑูุ› ู„ูุฃูŽู†ูŽู‘ ุงู„ุชูŽู‘ูƒูŽุจูู‘ุฑูŽ ุญูŽุฑูŽุงู…ูŒุŒ ูˆูŽุชูŽูู’ุณููŠุฑูู‡ู ุฃูŽู†ู’ ูŠูŽูƒููˆู†ูŽ ู…ูŽุนูŽู‡ูŽุง ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ู‚ูŽุจู’ู„ูŽู‡ูŽุง ุงู‡ู€. (ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆู‚ ุฌ 2 ุต 302 ุฃูŠุฌ ุฃูŠู… ุณุนูŠุฏ)

[16] ย ุงุชูู‚ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูŠุฎ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุจุฃุณ ุจุงู„ุฅุซู…ุฏ ู„ู„ุฑุฌู„ุŒ ูˆุงุชูู‚ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูƒุฑู‡ ุงู„ูƒุญู„ ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฏ ุฅุฐุง ู‚ุตุฏ ุจู‡ ุงู„ุฒูŠู†ุฉ (ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ุจุฑู‡ุงู†ูŠ ุฌ 8 ุต 88 ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู†)

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