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Question:

What should a person do if a visa for Hajj is not granted?  [Question Published as Received]

The Fatwa

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

The Answer

If an individual is unable to obtain a visa for Hajj after it has become a religious obligation (Fardh), or if they are unable to get a visa despite trying everything possible to resolve the matter, they should instruct their heirs to have Hajj performed on their behalf by proxy from one-third of the estate.

The Fiqh of the Answer

From among the pre-requisites of Hajj is the concept of Sabil, having access and ability to travel to Makkah. The jurists have debated on whether this is a condition for the obligation of Hajj (Sharṭ al-Wujūb) or a condition to make the performance of Hajj obligatory (Sharṭ al-Adāʾ). This difference of opinion arises when considering a scenario where an individual possesses the necessary means to perform Hajj but is cannot go for Hajj for valid external factors like not receiving a visa.

Those who consider safe passage as a condition of obligation (Sharṭ al-Wujūb) hold the view that the obligation of Hajj cannot be established for an individual unless this condition is met. This is the opinion of a minority number of jurists such as Imām al-Sarakhsī (d.483 AH), ‘Allāmah Kāsānī (d.587 AH),  ‘Allāmah Sarūjī (d.710 AH), and others, who attribute this opinion to Imām Abu Hanīfah (d.150 AH) through a recorded narration of Muhammad ibn al-Shujā’ (d.266 AH).

Consequently, if they are unable to embark on the pilgrimage due to external factors such as a filled quota or denial of entry, the obligation of Hajj is not considered established. The Fuqahā’ who hold this opinion argue that the obligation of Hajj is contingent upon the ability to undertake the journey without hindrance. According to this perspective, if an individual is prevented from performing Hajj due to factors beyond their control, such as a filled quota or rejection of entry, the obligation is temporarily lifted. In such cases, the conditions for the obligation of Hajj would need to be met once again in the following year or whenever circumstances allow for the safe completion of the pilgrimage for Hajj to be compulsory.

On the other hand, proponents of the view that the absence of safe passage is a condition of performance (Sharṭ al-Adāʾ) include the likes of al-Isbījābī (d.535 AH), `Ala’ al-Din al-Samarqandi (d.539 AH), Sighnāqī (d.714 AH), Ibnul Humām (d.790 AH), Ibn Nujaym Miṣrī (d.970 AH, and others, based upon the riwayāt of the Imām Abu Hanīfah’s (d.150 AH) celebrated disciples, Imām Abu Yūsuf (d.182 AH) and Muhammad (d.189 AH).

The overwhelming majority who hold this view argue that the obligation of Hajj is contingent upon the ability to undertake the journey without hindrance. According to this perspective, if an individual is prevented from performing Hajj due to factors beyond their control, such as a filled quota or rejection of entry, the obligation is temporarily lifted. In such cases, the conditions for the obligation of Hajj would need to be met once again in the following year or whenever circumstances allow for the safe completion of the pilgrimage.

The prevailing understanding among jurists, as outlined above, is that safe passage is considered a condition of performance rather than obligation based upon the view of Imām Abu Yūsuf (d.182 AH) and Imam Muhammad (d.189 AH). Jurists such as Allāmah Isbījābī (d.535 AH), Qādhī Khan (d.592 AH), Raḥmatullāh Sindhī (d.993 AH), Mullā ‘Alī Qārī (d.1014 AH), and Shurunbulālī (d.1069 AH), in addition to those previously mentioned, are among the many jurists who have expressed preference (Tarjīh) of this viewpoint.

Hence, if an individual is unable to undertake Hajj due to factors such as complications with a visa application, they would be required to perform Hajj in future after obtaining a valid visa or a means of safe travel. However, if they remain unable to do so, and travel to the holy lands is not possible, one should have this documented in their will.

And Almighty Allah Alone Knows Best

Maulana Ammar Y Badat
Trainee Mufti

Reviewed and approved by
Mufti Faraz Adam
Darul Iftaa Muadh ibn Jabal
www.darulfiqh.com 

DISCLAIMER:

The views and opinions expressed in this answer belong only to the author and do not in any way represent or reflect the views of any institutions to which he may be affiliated.

Arguments and ideas propounded in this answer are based on the juristic interpretations and reasoning of the author. Given that contemporary issues and interpretations of contemporary issues are subjective in nature, another Mufti may reach different conclusions to the one expressed by the author. Whilst every effort has been taken to ensure total accuracy and soundness from a Shari’ah perspective, the author is open to any correction or juristic guidance. On the event of any juristic shortcomings, the author will retract any or all of the conclusions expressed within this answer.

The Shari’ah ruling given herein is based specifically on the scenario in question.  The author bears no responsibility towards any party that acts or does not act on this answer and is exempted from any and all forms of loss or damage.  This answer may not be used as evidence in any court of law without prior written consent from the author.  Consideration is only given and is restricted to the specific links provided, the author does not endorse nor approve of any other content the website may contain.

وَظَاهِرُ الرِّوَايَةِ عَنْهُمَا أَنَّهُ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِمْ الْإِحْجَاجُ فَإِنْ أَحَجُّوا أَجْزَأَهُمْ مَا دَامَ الْعَجْزُ مُسْتَمِرًّا بِهِمْ فَإِنْ زَالَ فَعَلَيْهِمْ الْإِعَادَةُ بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ وَظَاهِرُ مَا فِي التُّحْفَةِ اخْتِيَارُهُ فَإِنَّهُ اقْتَصَرَ عَلَيْهِ وَكَذَا الْإِسْبِيجَابِيُّ وَقَوَّاهُ الْمُحَقِّقُ فِي فَتْحِ الْقَدِيرِ وَمَشَى عَلَى أَنَّ الصِّحَّةَ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ وُجُوبِ الْأَدَاءِ فَالْحَاصِلُ أَنَّهَا مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ عِنْدَهُ وَمِنْ شَرَائِطِ وُجُوبِ الْأَدَاءِ عِنْدَهُمَا وَفَائِدَةُ الْخِلَافِ تَظْهَرُ فِي وُجُوبِ الْإِحْجَاجِ كَمَا ذَكَرْنَا فِي وُجُوبِ الْإِيصَاءِ وَمَحَلُّ الْخِلَافِ فِيمَا إذَا لَمْ يَقْدِرْ عَلَى الْحَجِّ وَهُوَ صَحِيحٌ أَمَّا إنْ قَدَرَ عَلَيْهِ وَهُوَ صَحِيحٌ ثُمَّ زَالَتْ الصِّحَّةُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْرُجَ إلَى الْحَجِّ فَإِنَّهُ يَتَقَرَّرُ دَيْنًا فِي ذِمَّتِهِ فَيَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ الْإِحْجَاجُ اتِّفَاقًا أَمَّا إنْ خَرَجَ فَمَاتَ فِي الطَّرِيقِ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ الْإِيصَاءُ بِالْحَجِّ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يُؤَخِّرْ بَعْدَ الْإِيجَابِ كَذَا فِي التَّجْنِيسِ وَلَا فَرْقَ فِي الْأَعْمَى بَيْنَ أَنْ يَجِدَ قَائِدًا، أَوْ لَا وَهُوَ الْمَشْهُورُ عَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ؛ لِأَنَّ الْقَادِرَ بِقُدْرَةِ غَيْرِهِ لَيْسَ بِقَادِرٍ وَلَوْ تَكَلَّفَ هَؤُلَاءِ الْحَجَّ بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ سَقَطَ عَنْهُمْ حَتَّى لَوْ صَحُّوا بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ لَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِمْ الْأَدَاءُ؛ لِأَنَّ سُقُوطَ الْوُجُوبِ عَنْهُمْ لِدَفْعِ الْحَرَجِ فَإِذَا تَحَمَّلُوهُ وَقَعَ عَنْ حِجَّةِ الْإِسْلَامِ كَالْفَقِيرِ إذَا حَجَّ. (البحر الرائق) 

وَاخْتَلَفَ مَشَايِخُنَا أَنَّ أَمْنَ الطَّرِيقِ شَرْطٌ لِلْوُجُوبِ أَمْ شَرْطٌ لِلْأَدَاءِ؟ وَكَانَ ابْنُ أَبِي شُجَاعٍ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – يَقُولُ: هُوَ شَرْطٌ لِلْوُجُوبِ؛ لِأَنَّ بِدُونِهِ يَتَعَذَّرُ الْوُصُولُ إلَى الْبَيْتِ إلَّا بِمَشَقَّةٍ عَظِيمَةٍ فَيَكُونُ شَرْطُ الْوُجُوبِ كَالزَّادِ وَالرَّاحِلَةِ، وَكَانَ أَبُو حَازِمٍ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – يَقُولُ: هُوَ شَرْطُ الْأَدَاءِ؛ لِأَنَّ النَّبِيَّ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – «لَمَّا سُئِلَ عَنْ الِاسْتِطَاعَةِ فَسَّرَهَا بِالزَّادِ وَالرَّاحِلَةِ»، وَلَا تَجُوزُ الزِّيَادَةُ فِي شَرْطِ وُجُوبِ الْعِبَادَةِ بِالرَّأْيِ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ الطَّرِيقُ فِي وَقْتٍ أَخْوَفَ مِمَّا كَانَ يَوْمئِذٍ لِغَلَبَةِ أَهْلِ الشِّرْكِ فِي ذَلِكَ الْمَوْضِعِ، وَلَمْ يَشْتَرِطْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – أَمْنَ الطَّرِيقِ فَدَلَّ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ لَيْسَ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ إنَّمَا شَرْطُ الْوُجُوبِ مِلْكُ الزَّادِ وَالرَّاحِلَةِ لِلذَّهَابِ وَالْمَجِيءِ وَمِلْكُ نَفَقَةِ مَنْ تَلْزَمُهُ نَفَقَتُهُ مِنْ الْعِيَالِ كَالزَّوْجَةِ وَالْوَلَدِ الصَّغِيرِ، وَعَنْ أَبِي يُوسُفَ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – مَعَ ذَلِكَ زِيَادَةُ نَفَقَةِ شَهْرٍ؛ لِأَنَّ الظَّاهِرَ أَنَّهُ إذَا رَجَعَ لَا يَشْتَغِلُ بِالْكَسْبِ إلَّا بَعْدَ مُدَّةٍ فَاسْتُحْسِنَ اشْتِرَاطُ مِلْكِ نَفَقَةِ شَهْرٍ بَعْدَ رُجُوعِهِ، ثُمَّ بَعْدَ اسْتِجْمَاعِ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ يَجِبُ عَلَى الْفَوْرِ حَتَّى يَأْثَمَ بِالتَّأْخِيرِ عِنْدَ أَبِي يُوسُفَ رَوَاهُ عَنْهُ بِشْرُ بْنُ الْمُعَلَّى، وَهَكَذَا ذَكَرَ ابْنُ شُجَاعٍ عَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ. (المبسوط للسرخسي)

فإن كان بينه وبين مكة بحر، فهو عذر بمنزلة فوت الطريق، والفرات (١) والدجلة (٢) والجيحون (٣) أنهار وليست بحاراً، فلا تمنع الاستطاعة، ثُمَّ تكلموا أن أمن الطريق وسلامة البدن على قول أبي حنيفة -رحمه الله-، ووجود المَحرَم (٤) [للمرأة] (٥) شرط؛ لوجوب الحجّ أو (١) لأدائه، بعضهم جعلها شرطًا للوجوب، وبعضهم شرطًا للأداء وهو الصحيح (٢)، وثُمَّرة الاختلاف فيما إذا مات قبل الحجّ، فعلى قول الأولين لا يلزمه الوصية، وعلى قول الآخرين يلزمه، وكذا في «الجامع الصغير» (٣) لقاضي خان، وفرق في «الإيضاح» (٤) على قول البعض بين الزاد والراحلة وبين أمن الطريق من حيث إن الزاد والراحلة شرط الوجوب إجماعًا بخلاف أمن الطريق، فإنه شرط الأداء دون الوجوب على قول ذلك البعض فقال هو أن التمكن بالزاد والراحلة/ يتحقق [بها الاستطاعة] (٥)، فإذا عدما (٦) لم تثبت الاستطاعة، فأما خوف الطريق يعجزه عن الأداء بمعارض ومانع، فلا ينعدم به الاستطاعة اُعتبر هذا بالمحسوسات، فإن القيد الممنوع عن الشيء لا يكون نظير المريض الذي لا يقدر. (النهاية للسغتاقي) 

(وَمِنْهَا) أَمْنُ الطَّرِيقِ، وَإِنَّهُ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ عِنْدَ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِنَا بِمَنْزِلَةِ الزَّادِ، وَالرَّاحِلَةِ، وَهَكَذَا رَوَى ابْنُ شُجَاعٍ عَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: إنَّهُ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْأَدَاءِ لَا مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ، وَفَائِدَةُ هَذَا الِاخْتِلَافِ تَظْهَرُ فِي وُجُوبِ الْوَصِيَّةِ إذَا خَافَ الْفَوْتَ فَمَنْ قَالَ إنَّهُ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْأَدَاءِ يَقُولُ إنَّهُ تَجِبُ الْوَصِيَّةُ إذَا خَافَ الْفَوْتَ، وَمَنْ قَالَ إنَّهُ شَرْطُ الْوُجُوبِ يَقُولُ: لَا تَجِبُ الْوَصِيَّةُ؛ لِأَنَّ الْحَجَّ لَمْ يَجِبْ عَلَيْهِ، وَلَمْ يَصِرْ دَيْنًا فِي ذِمَّتِهِ فَلَا تَلْزَمُهُ الْوَصِيَّةُ، وَجْهُ قَوْلِ مَنْ قَالَ: إنَّهُ شَرْطُ الْأَدَاءِ لَا شَرْطُ الْوُجُوبِ مَا رَوَيْنَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – فَسَّرَ الِاسْتِطَاعَةَ بِالزَّادِ، وَالرَّاحِلَةِ، وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ أَمْنَ الطَّرِيقِ، وَجْهُ قَوْلِ مَنْ قَالَ إنَّهُ شَرْطُ الْوُجُوبِ، وَهُوَ الصَّحِيحُ: أَنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى شَرَطَ الِاسْتِطَاعَةَ، وَلَا اسْتِطَاعَةَ بِدُونِ أَمْنِ الطَّرِيقِ كَمَا لَا اسْتِطَاعَةَ بِدُونِ الزَّادِ، وَالرَّاحِلَةِ إلَّا أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – بَيَّنَ الِاسْتِطَاعَةَ بِالزَّادِ، وَالرَّاحِلَةِ بَيَانَ كِفَايَةٍ لِيُسْتَدَلَّ بِالْمَنْصُوصِ عَلَيْهِ عَلَى غَيْرِهِ لِاسْتِوَائِهِمَا فِي الْمَعْنَى، وَهُوَ إمْكَانُ الْوُصُولِ إلَى الْبَيْتِ. (بدائع الصنائع) 

(قَوْلُهُ مَعَ أَمْنِ الطَّرِيقِ) أَيْ وَقْتِ خُرُوجِ أَهْلِ بَلَدِهِ وَإِنْ كَانَ مُخِيفًا فِي غَيْرِهِ بَحْرٌ وَقَدَّمْنَا عَنْ اللُّبَابِ أَنَّهُ مِنْ شُرُوطِ وُجُوبِ الْأَدَاءِ وَفِي شَرْحِهِ أَنَّهُ الْأَصَحُّ وَرَجَّحَهُ فِي الْفَتْحِ، وَرُوِيَ عَنْ الْإِمَامِ أَنَّهُ شَرْطُ وُجُوبٍ فَعَلَى الْأَوَّلِ تَجِبُ الْوَصِيَّةُ بِهِ إذَا مَاتَ قَبْلَ أَمْنِ الطَّرِيقِ أَمَّا بَعْدَهُ فَتَجِبُ اتِّفَاقًا بَحْرٌ (قَوْلُهُ بِغَلَبَةِ السَّلَامَةِ) كَذَا اخْتَارَهُ الْفَقِيهُ أَبُو اللَّيْثِ وَعَلَيْهِ الِاعْتِمَادُ. 

وَظَاهِرُ التُّحْفَةِ اخْتِيَارُ قَوْلِهِمَا وَكَذَا الْإِسْبِيجَابِيُّ وَقَوَّاهُ فِي الْفَتْحِ وَمَشَى عَلَى أَنَّ الصِّحَّةَ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ وُجُوبِ الْأَدَاءِ اهـ مِنْ الْبَحْرِ وَالنَّهْرِ، وَحَكَى فِي اللُّبَابِ اخْتِلَافَ التَّصْحِيحِ وَفِي شَرْحِهِ أَنَّهُ مَشَى عَلَى الْأَوَّلِ فِي النِّهَايَةِ وَقَالَ فِي الْبَحْرِ الْعَمِيقِ إنَّهُ الْمَذْهَبُ الصَّحِيحُ وَأَنَّ الثَّانِيَ صَحَّحَهُ قَاضِي خَانْ فِي شَرْحِ الْجَامِعِ وَاخْتَارَهُ كَثِيرٌ مِنْ الْمَشَايِخِ وَمِنْهُمْ ابْنُ الْهُمَامِ.  (حاشية ابن عابدين)

قَالَ فِي شَرْحِ اللُّبَابِ ثُمَّ اخْتَلَفُوا فِي أَنَّ الْمَحْرَمَ أَوْ الزَّوْجَ شَرْطُ الْوُجُوبِ أَوْ الْأَدَاءِ كَمَا اخْتَلَفُوا فِي أَمْنِ الطَّرِيقِ فَصَحَّحَ قَاضِي خَانْ وَغَيْرُهُ أَنَّهُ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْأَدَاءِ وَصَحَّحَ صَاحِبُ الْبَدَائِعِ وَالسَّرُوجِيُّ أَنَّهُ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ وَصَنِيعُ الْمُصَنِّفِ أَيْ صَاحِبِ اللُّبَابِ يُشْعِرُ بِأَنَّهُ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْأَدَاءِ عَلَى الْأَرْجَحِ 

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